Term
| Why do we have an atmoshphere |
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Definition
| gravity, and air that's composed of nitrogen |
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Term
| physical properties that vary with altitude to distinguish regions of atompshere |
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Definition
1)temp.
2)ozone and ion concentrations |
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| vertical temp. variations |
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Definition
| most recognizable divisions within the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
1)thermosphere
2)mesophere
3)straosphere
4)troposhere |
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Definition
| atmosphere divided into 2 parts based of regions of concentraion |
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Term
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Definition
| occur at an altitude of about 20mi, where we find the central concentration of the ozone layer |
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Term
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Definition
| a broad, warm band of gas that extends through nearly all the stratosphere (nearly 5-6mi in depth) |
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Definition
| ozone concentration decreases with increasing altitude up to about 70mi (45mi). the region of the atmosphere below this is |
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Term
| insolation incoming solar radiation) |
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Definition
| sun's energy traverses space in the form of radiation, and the portion incident on the earth's atmosphere is |
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Term
| production and concentration of ozone |
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Definition
| depends on the appropriate balance of UV radiation and oxygen molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| occur at an altitude of about 20mi, where we find the central concentration of the ozone layer |
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Term
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Definition
| the electrically charged ions and electrons are trapped in the Earth's magnetic field and from ion layers |
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Term
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Definition
| the reflectivity of a surface, and is expressed as a fraction or percent of a solar reflection |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| not including heat transfer from radiation from the sun (degrees fahrenheit, celcius) |
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Definition
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Definition
| equal to one standard atmosphere of pressure (1 atm) |
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Term
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Definition
| we experience the weight of gases above us at a pressure of 14.7lbs/in at sea level |
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Term
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Definition
| (early 1600s) showed the height of a column of mercury to be dependent on atmosphere pressure, and the height at sea level rose 760mm |
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Term
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Definition
| still used to measure atmposhere pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 atm= 760 mmHg= 760 torr= 14.7lbs/in |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of moisture, or water vapor, in the air |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of water vapor in a given amount of air |
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Term
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Definition
ration of actual moisture content to the max mositure capacity of a volume of air at a given temp.
a measure of how "full" of moisture a volume of air is at a given temp. |
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Term
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Definition
| the temp to which a sample of air must be cooled to become saturated (the relative humidity at dew point is 100%) |
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Term
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Definition
| most common method of measuring humidity, using a two thermometer system with both a wet and a dry bulb |
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Term
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Definition
| measured with a anemometer 3 or 4 cups attached to a rod that is free to rotate |
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Term
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Definition
| indicated the direction from which the wind is blowing |
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Term
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Definition
| is reported as the direction from which the wind is coming |
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Term
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Definition
| rain and snow, rainfall measured by a rain gauge |
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Definition
| any typical condition to the environment resulting from activites of human beings. primarily from the products of combustion and industrial processes |
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Term
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Definition
| a noxious mixture of smoke and for |
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Term
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Definition
| the presence of fod indicates that the temp of the air near the ground is at the dew point |
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Term
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Definition
the remains of plant and animal life composed mainly of hydrocarbons, coal, gas, and oil
major source of air pollution combustion of... |
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Term
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Definition
| temps. may locally increase with increasing altitude |
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Term
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Definition
| probably the most common impurity in fossil fuels and the most critical to air pollution. |
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Term
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Definition
| major fuels used to generate electricity |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon monoxide (transportation) |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogen oxide (transportation, sationary forces: factories etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| particulates (industrail processes) |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrocarbons (transportation) |
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Term
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Definition
| sulfure oxides (fuel combustion, stationary sources, power plants) |
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Term
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Definition
natural, solid, cohesive aggregates of one or more minerals.
can be divided into 3 major types as a result of the way they originated: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic |
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Term
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Definition
a type of rock formed from molten material that has cooled and solidified
constitue as much as 80% of the Earth's crust |
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Term
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Definition
| molten rock material that orginates deep within the Earth (intrusive igneous rocks) |
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Term
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Definition
| molten rock material that reaches the Earth's surface due to a volcanic eruption (extrusive igneous rock) |
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Term
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Definition
rocks that form at or very near the surface of the Earth due to compaction and cementation of sediments
*make up only 5% of the earth's crust by mass, but cover about 75% of the contenents and even more of the ocen basins
*contain abundant petroleum, coal, metals, and many minerals essential to construction |
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Term
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Definition
rock fragments due to erosion of preexisting (older) rocks
minerals chemically precipitated from solution
plants or animal remains (fossils) |
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Term
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Definition
forms by the alteration of a pre-existing rock due to the effects of pressure, high temp., and/or a chemical change
*occurs well below the surface of the Earh above the region where melting would occur (limestone metamorphs into marble, sandstone into quartzite) |
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Term
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Definition
the father of geology
*recognized that rocks were continuously being formed, broken down, and then re-formed |
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Term
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Definition
| series of events through which a rock changes over time between igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic forms |
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Term
| processes within the rock cycle |
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Definition
| depostion, transportation, weathering, melting, crystalization, cementation, compaction, etc |
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Term
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Definition
study of the planet earth; compostion, structure, processes, and history
*earth's thin outer layer, the crust 5-40km), is composed of minerals and rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| naturally occurring, crystalline, inorganic element or compound that possesses a fairly definite chemical compostion and distinctive physical properties |
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Term
| minerals composed of 8 elements |
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Definition
oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, Ca, sodium, potassium, and magneisum
*account for over 90% of the crust by mass
*oxygen and silicon alone account for about 75%
*over 2000 minerals have been identified; only about 20 are common |
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Term
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Definition
all other minerals in crust
comprise less than 10% of the minerals in the crust |
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Term
| most common nonsilicate minerals |
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Definition
| carbonates, oxides, and sulfides |
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Term
| other nonsilicate minerals |
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Definition
| pure elements such as gold and silver, and some gemstones (diamond, ruby,sapphire) |
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Term
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Definition
| one of seven geometric patterns |
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Term
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Definition
mohs scale 1-10
greater than 7 cuts glass |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to break along smooth planes |
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Term
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Definition
| irregular or random breakage |
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Term
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Definition
| not reliable because of impurities |
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Term
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Definition
| color of the powder of a mineral |
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Term
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Definition
| appearance of surface in reflected light |
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