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Test 4
Chapters 14, 15, 20
144
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
12/12/2011

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Term
pathology
Definition
the study of disease
Term
etiology
Definition
the study of the cause of disease
Term
pathogenesis
Definition
the development of disease (steps)
Term
infection
Definition
colonization of the body by pathogens
Term
disease
Definition
an abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally
Term
transient microbiota
Definition
may be present for days, weeks, or months
Term
normal microbiota
Definition
permanently colonize the host
Term
normal microbiota protects the host by
Definition
occupying niches that pathogens might occupy, producing acids (change pH), and producing bacteriocins
Term
bacteriocins
Definition
chemical warfare packages that keep number of competing bacteria down
Term
microbial antagonism
Definition
a competition between microbes
Term
microbial antagonism example
Definition
the growth of the normal microbiota prevents/inhibits the growth of harmful microbes that usually cause disease
Term
types of colonization of bacteria
Definition
transient microbiota, normal microbiota, microbial antagonism
Term
symbiosis
Definition
the relationship between normal microbiota and the host
Term
commensalism
Definition
one organism benefits and the other is unaffected ex: corneum bacteria
Term
mutualism
Definition
both organisms benefit ex: e.coli intestine *probiotics*
Term
parasitism
Definition
one organism benefits at the expense of the other ex: disease causing baceria detrimental to host
Term
opportunisitic pathogens
Definition
beneficial but moves to other parts of body and causes disease there; an organism takes advantage of their environment ex: AIDS & pneumonia
Term
Koch's postulates
Definition
are used to prove the cause of an infectious disease. some can cause several disease conditions, some are only in humans.
Term
exception to Koch's postualtes
Definition
mutations, most bacteria cannot be grown in pur culture, same disease can be cause by a number of different pathogens, etc.
Term
Koch's postulate #1
Definition
the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
Term
Koch's postulate #2
Definition
the pathogen must be isolated from the diseases host and grown in pure culture
Term
Koch's postulate #3
Definition
the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible subject
Term
Koch's postulate #4
Definition
the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original subject then compared to pathogen grown in pure culture
Term
symptom
Definition
a change in body function hat is felt by a patient as a result of disease. qualitative.
Term
sign
Definition
a change in a body that can be measure or observed as a result of disease. quantitative.
Term
syndrome
Definition
a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
Term
epidemiology part 1
Definition
the study of how diseases are transmitted and where and when diseases occur
Term
communicable disease
Definition
a disease that is spread from one host to another
Term
contagious disease
Definition
a disease that is easily spread from one host to another
Term
noncommunicable disease
Definition
a disease that is not transmitted from one host to another
Term
incidence
Definition
fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time
Term
prevalence
Definition
fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time
Term
sporadic disease
Definition
disease that occurs occasionally in a population
Term
endemic disease
Definition
disease constantly present in a population
Term
epidemic disease
Definition
disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time
Term
pandemic disease
Definition
worldwide epidemic
Term
acute disease
Definition
symptoms develop rapidly. short ex: influenza
Term
chronic disease
Definition
disease develops slowly. longer. symptoms less severe than acute symptoms ex: mono, hep b, tb
Term
subacute disease
Definition
symptoms between acute and chronic. gray are
Term
latent disease
Definition
disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive ex: shingles
Term
herd immunity
Definition
immunity in most of a population. important in vaccinations
Term
local infection
Definition
pathogens are limited to a small area of the body ex: boils
Term
systemic infection
Definition
an infection throughout the body ex: measles
Term
focal infection
Definition
systemic infection that began as a local infection
Term
sepsis
Definition
toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, or their toxins, from a focus of infection
Term
septicemia
Definition
blood poisoning
Term
bacteremia
Definition
bacteria in the blood
Term
toxemia
Definition
toxins in the blood
Term
viremia
Definition
viruses in the blood
Term
predisposing factors
Definition
gender, inherited traits, climate and weather, nutrition, fatigue, age, lifestyle, chemotherapy, emotional disturbances
Term
stages of disease
Definition
incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence
Term
incubation period
Definition
between initial infection and appearance of signs or symptoms
Term
prodromal period
Definition
mild, early symptoms
Term
period of illness
Definition
most severe, overt signs and symptoms, usually when most deaths occur
Term
period of decline
Definition
symptoms decrease and getting better but susceptible to secondary infections by opportunistic pathogens
Term
period of convalescence
Definition
regain strength and body returns to normal
Term
reservoirs of infection
Definition
continual sources of infection ex: human, animal, nonliving
Term
human reservoir
Definition
only effect humans-must reside in patients. carriers may have inapparent infections of latent disease. ex: AIDS, gonorrhea
Term
animal reservoir
Definition
live in animals. some zoonoses may be transmitted to humans ex: rabies, lyme disease
Term
nonliving reservoir
Definition
found in soil, air, water. ex: botulism, tetanus
Term
3 ways disease spreads
Definition
contact, vehicle, vectors
Term
direct contact
Definition
close associations with people ex: kissing, touching
Term
indirect contact
Definition
through inaminate objects ex: tissues
Term
inanimate objects are called
Definition
fomites
Term
droplet contact
Definition
coughing, sneezing, talking
Term
vehicle transmission
Definition
inanimate reservoirs, fomites are not reservoirs they are just a mediator
Term
vectors transmission
Definition
usually arthoropods ex: fleas, ticks, etc.
Term
vector mechanical transmission
Definition
fly walking on a hamburger and don't know where it has been before
Term
vector biological transmission
Definition
pathogen reproduces within the vector ex: rocky mountain spotted fever
Term
nosocomial infections are acquired
Definition
as a result of a hospital stay. affect 5-15% of all hospital patients
Term
3 factors that cause nosocomial infecitons
Definition
people, compromise of immune systems, improper sterilization of equipment or techniques
Term
nosocomial infections target
Definition
burn, surgery, and suppressed immune system patients
Term
nosocomial infections are most often caused by
Definition
opportunistic pathogens. normal microbiota getting in wher eit shouldn't be
Term
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Definition
collects and analyzes epidemiological information in the US. Hospitals mandated to report disease.
Term
descriptive epidemiology
Definition
collect and analyze data to back track to source of disease
Term
analytical epidemiology
Definition
compare diseased group to healthy group-stats
Term
experimental epidemiology
Definition
controlled experiments using scientific method
Term
John Snow
Definition
mapped the occurrence of cholera in London
Term
Ignaz Semmelweis
Definition
showed that handwashing decreased the incidence of puerperal fever
Term
Florence Nightingale
Definition
showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus
Term
case reporting
Definition
health care workers report specified disease to local, state, and national offices
Term
nationally notifiable diseases
Definition
physicians are required to report occurence
Term
mucous membrane portal of entry
Definition
respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, eye
Term
skin portal of entry
Definition
sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles
Term
parenteral route portal of entry
Definition
puncutre in skin
Term
placental portal of entry
Definition
mother to unborn child
Term
preferred portal of entry
Definition
most pathogens have and if come in a different way it won't do anything or will be mild
Term
plague and anthrax
Definition
have multiple portals of entry
Term
ID50
Definition
infectious dose, how many present needed to get 50% of sample population sick. varies with portal of entry.
Term
LD50
Definition
lethal dose, how much is needed to kill 50% of same population. varies by toxin.
Term
adherence
Definition
when a pathogen binds to a cell
Term
adherence can be located
Definition
on glycocallyx, fimbrae, pili, flagell
Term
what adheres to surface of cell
Definition
ligands or biofilms
Term
pathogens penetrate host defenses by
Definition
capsules, cell wall components, enzymes, antigenic variation, penetration into the host cell cytoskeleton
Term
penetrate host defense: capsules
Definition
make pathogen "invisible" to host defenses; prevent phagocytosis
Term
penetrate host defense: cell wall components
Definition
"invisible", proteins that trick cell into thinking it is something good is coming
Term
proteins in cell wall components
Definition
M proteins, Opa proteins, mycolic acids (waxy)
Term
penetrate host defense: enzymes
Definition
wall-off infection-dissolve blood clots, "liquefies" cells, dissolve connective tissue. IgA antibodies, IgA protease
Term
IgA antibodies and protease
Definition
anti: keep pathogens from attaching to mucousal membranes. protease: destroy IgA-produced by pathogens
Term
penetrate host defense: antigenic variation
Definition
pathogen alters its antigens and is unaffected by the antibodies produced. activating alternate genes.
Term
penetrate host defense: penetration into the host cell cytoskeleton
Definition
modify cytoskeleton of cell, trick actin/cytoskeleton to bring pathogen into the cell
Term
pathogens damage host cells by
Definition
using the host's nutrients, direct damage to the vicinity of invasion, production of toxins
Term
pathogens damage host cells: using the host's nutrients
Definition
strip away iron from host cell to make available for pathogen causing damage
Term
pathogens damage host cells: direct damage
Definition
replication of virus will cause cell to rupture
Term
pathogens damage host cells: production of toxins
Definition
waste products are toxic to cells; poisons produced by pathogen. poisons=toxins
Term
endotoxins
Definition
components of gram negative bacteria cell walls. cell divides or dies and they are released, making you sick and seems to get worse, but really getting better because the toxin is just being released but not reproduced.
Term
exotoxins
Definition
produced by cell and released. actual exotoxins cause signs and symptoms of diseases
Term
portals of exit
Definition
respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, skin, blood
Term
ancient times: honey
Definition
egyptians were using honey on wounds. now know it has hydrogen peroxide
Term
ancient times: moldy bread
Definition
pushing against skin infections
Term
ancient times: potions
Definition
people patenting these and would give to children, would actually make them die because so potent and contained opium.
Term
chemotherapy
Definition
the idea of using chemicals to treat disease
Term
antimicrobial drugs
Definition
paul elrich. drugs inhibit/interfere with growth of microbes but do not harm the host. led to discovery of sulfa drugs
Term
antibiotic
Definition
substances produced by microbes in small amounts that inhibit the growth of other microbes
Term
sulfa drugs
Definition
used in world war II with great success and led to increased interest in antibiotics
Term
antibiotics in nature
Definition
easy to discover and see but have no clinical use
Term
1940 oxford
Definition
clinical trials in US for penicillin bfound moldy cantelope in Peoria, Illinois a new strain that produced enough penicillin to start clinical trials
Term
narrow-spectrum drug
Definition
only affect a select group of microbes
Term
broad-spectrum drug
Definition
effect a more diverse range of microbes
Term
hard to find drugs to fight
Definition
protozoans, viruses, and tapeworms. viruses use the machinery of host cells so take a risk of killing host cells.
Term
when using broad-spectrum drugs
Definition
make sure you don't mess with normal microbiota or you leave open for opportunistic pathogens to enter
Term
super infection
Definition
normal microbiota produces excessively due to use of antibiotics
Term
2 types of action of antimicrobial drugs
Definition
bacteriostatic and bactercidal
Term
bactericidal
Definition
kill the target organism ex: amino glycides, penicillins, etc.
Term
bacteriostatic
Definition
inhibit growth/delay bacter growth and replication ex: tetracycline
Term
basic actions of antimicrobial drugs: inhibit cell wall synthesis
Definition
blacking cross links between disaccharides = lysis
Term
basic actions of antimicrobial drugs: inhibition of protein synthesis
Definition
change shape of mRNA, ribosomes
Term
basic actions of antimicrobial drugs: inhibition of nucleic acid replication and transcription
Definition
block normal growth of cell
Term
basic actions of antimicrobial drugs: injury to plasma membrane
Definition
liquify plasma membranes-use as topical ointments to keep local
Term
basic actions of antimicrobial drugs: inhibition of synthesis of essential metabolites
Definition
competitive inhibition of enzymatic bacteria. bind to active site of enzymes.
Term
disk-diffusion method
Definition
used in lab
Term
E test
Definition
estimation minimum inhibitory concentration. strips have gradient of concentration
Term
broth dilution test
Definition
look for presence or absence of growth, minimum bactericidal concentration. figures out doses. + and - controls.
Term
4 mechanisms of resistance
Definition
blocking entry, inactivating enzymes, alteration of target molecule, efflux of antibiotic
Term
mechanisms of resistance: blocking entry
Definition
cell wall blocks entry
Term
mechanisms of resistance: inactivating enzymes
Definition
using enzymes to inactivate target molecule
Term
mechanisms of resistance: alteration of target molecule
Definition
target site/molecule is altered so antibiotic can't fit
Term
mechanisms of resistance: efflux of antibiotic
Definition
pump out of the cell if have enough through efflux
Term
bacteria become resistant to anitbiotics by
Definition
mutation and horizontal gene transfer
Term
can expect that each bacteria colony has
Definition
some cells that are mutated
Term
antibiotic misuse
Definition
misuse of antibiotics selects for resistance mutants.
Term
synergism
Definition
occurs when the effect of two drugs together is greater than the effect of either alone
Term
antagonism
Definition
occurs when the effect of two drugs together is less than the effect of either alone
Term
other places for microbial agents
Definition
quorum sensing, RNA interference, chemicals already present in plants and animals. animals ex: frogs produce hundreds of peptides on skin that have microbial features
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