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- renewd interest in learning. (studied rome and greece)
characteristics- emphasized this life
- started by petrarch “future of humanism”
- men became interested in using God given talents now.
- humanism- said people should use the talents God had given them. |
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milan- had little industry near Po river-furnished couter power
- made armor and processed silk
florence- renaissance started here
- banking couter with rich business class
- floren- money of the mediteranean
- DeMedici- major influence of the renaissance, chief patrons
papel states- religious themes were prominent among painters
- alexander VI was the pope (most corrupt pope)
- cesare-popes son, was a cardinal
- thought people would be more obedient if they were afraid
napels- southern most part of italian peninsula and poorest part of the |
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| “kingdom of the two sicilies” |
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| 1st main works of the renaissance |
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most famous works, 100 stories told by people over a 10 day period.
- ficino- transcribed platos writings from greek to latin
- machiavelli- from florence- wrote “the prince” father of modern political science,
cesare bortia- used as exam, principle was better to be feared than loved
- castiglione- wrote a book about etiquette/wrote about the ideal
gentlemen, renaissance man who could do many things well
cellini-wrote the 1st autobiography |
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| art of the renaissance (painting) |
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| characteristics- had a sense of debth and realism |
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1st to use oil paintings
Architecture and sculpture
! characteristics- resembled ancient greek architecture |
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-21 years to carve the bronze doors in the Florence Cathedral
- took 27 years to do another |
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| - father of modern realistic sculpture |
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| - 3 main sculptures...18 ft tall statue of david, moses(rising from a chair with horus), Pieta (mary holding the dead Christ in her lap) |
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| didnt oath his alegiance to henry 8th(protestant) |
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| wrote Utopia- about a perfect community |
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greatest humanist in northern europe
called one of the forefathers of reformation, most famous work was “the praise of folly”-prase of foolishness, helped bring church reform |
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| - preached against the corruption of the church sometimes |
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hans holbein the younger- portraits paintin and official court
-portrait painter for Henry VIII |
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| painted pictures with a lot of tiny detail |
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1st main poet of france during the renaissance
literary master-rabelais- added 600 new words to french language(monk, physcian,
humanist) |
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Rousards most famous writing, criticized people who accumulated much
wealth, story of giant who did everything excessively |
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| created new poetic stanza, formed spenserian stanza |
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| great playwrite until sir william shakespeare surpassed him |
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| greatest playwrite of the english language |
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| wrote 1800 full length plays |
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| most famous writer from this area |
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| about a crazy knight who always gets into trouble |
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| better educated but less useful |
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| blacks in the renaissance |
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Characteristics of recovering from the 100 years war.
France |
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created first permanent royal army, charles the 7th said
! ! government was above the church |
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Characteristics of recovering from the 100 years war.
Characteristics of recovering from the 100 years
France |
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created first permanent royal army, charles the 7th said
! ! government was above the church |
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Characteristics of recovering from the 100 years war.
England |
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he war of the roses, English civil war (House of York Won)
Edward 4th-started using diplomacy to settle disputes, no juries, secret |
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Characteristics of recovering from the 100 years
Spain |
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| reconquista christians had complete control of spain, |
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| drove out all the muslims and Jews |
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| not united- Austria- Hupsbourg- held position of holy |
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| because powerful family in spain |
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started in germany
! ! -church accumulated great wealth uring the middle ages
! ! -started as protest for reform ended as a question of who was the top
christians killed christians |
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political; popes lost prestige because of the crusades, the great schism
! ! -former economic feudal lords resented the power and wealth of the
! ! church
! ! -social; corruption of the church, immorality of the clergy, buying or selling
! ! church offices, nepitism-giving jobs to your relatives, pluralism-holing more
! ! than one church offices, sale of indulgences (forgiveness) |
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| Martin luther: starter of the reformation |
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son of an ordinary farmer
- his faja sent him to school
- always got whipped at school
- his faja new he could make a good lawyer
- university of Eurfurt
- lightning struck a tree and knocked him off of his horse
- changed his major to theology
- didnt tell his faja for a long time
- became a teacher at a university
- felt unworthy and a sense of unease
- found that Gods grace is a gift by faith not carved through works.
! indulgences
! - pope and archbishop wanted a fundraiser for self gain
- sold indulgences as a fundraiser
- martin was angered by this |
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- list of reasons why martin luther thought the sale of indulgences was wrong
- huge reaction because the printing press was just invented
luther vs. Eck debate
- luther said “i find nothing in the Bible that says you can buy forgiveness;
therefore its wrong”
- luther went back home and receive a papel bull |
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=exsurge domine- said martin luther had two months to burn all your
writings and publically take back what he said |
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| - meeting between martin luther and the holy roman emperor-stood by what he said and was kidnapped by a friend to keep from being burned at the stake. lived in hiding at friends estate as a peasant as squire george. wrote hymns and translated the bible into german. |
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| Martin Luther formed the first protestant religion(lutheran church) |
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many church officials were uneducated
luther said rebel against corruption(meant in church), peasants took it as government, peasants were killed by the government army |
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| priest in switzerland- said sacrements werent needed |
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| came from france(run out) went to genieva |
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| go to church and work hard thats it |
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| was run out but came out with more followers and took over genieva and switzerland |
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french protestants-had a hard time in france
punished often in france christians killed christians |
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1555 (war between catholic princes and lutheran princes fought a
long time. charles V in charge of Catholic side), fought in germany, each german |
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| prince could decide if his state would be catholic or lutheran |
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netherlands- calvinism spread (dutch reform church)
- scotland- John Nox- presbyterian
- In England- tutor line of kings were in power
- henry VIII in power- married his brothers widow
- breaks with church because pope wouldnt annul his marriage
- formed church of england (episcopal church)
- act of supremacy- said monarch was head of the church
- thomas cramer-appointed arch bishop of the anglican church
- ann belin (new wife) killed because she couldnt have a son
- Queen Mary switched to catholicism (Bloody Mary) |
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| doesnt recognize the trinity |
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| catholic church making changes to stop corruption |
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| wounded in war with 1 year recovery, read the Bible several times |
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new convent for women
taught your catholic girls to be good wives and mothers. |
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| purpose was to bring catholic church back to the way it should be. |
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| purpose was to bring catholic church back to the way it should be. |
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| redefined the catholic church |
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| Effects of the reformation |
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destroyed the unity of middle ages europe
- strengthen the power of the state over people
- revived interest in religion
- contributed to the rise of the middle class
- more capitalism (money invested to make a profit)
- many christians were killed
- religous wars were transported to the new world
- increased wealth in middle class |
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| - Charles I (king of spain) |
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became charles V (holy roman emperor 1519
- strongly catholic
- controlled massive territory (most of europe)
- goal: rule all of europe |
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| 3 forces of opposition (kept charles V from ruling all of europe) |
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| - wanted to take rich italian city-states (french) |
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| (agreement between church and state) of bologna- said france would support the catholic church and make it strong in france if charles would leave him alone |
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- treaty of cateau cambresis- ended the struggle between the
hapsbourgs and france. said hapsbourgs could take all of
the italian peninsula except venice
- ottoman turks
- suleiman(the magnificent)
- advanced all the way to the city of vicuna, austria. charles
V could never defeat the ottoman turks. sukiman said he
would leave vicuna alone if the hapsbourg would pay them
a yearly tribute.
- schmalkadic league
- charles V organized the peace of augsburg 1555. charles V
retired to a monastery after dividing his kingdom in half. gave it to
his son and brother.
Successors to charles I (V)- philip II and ferdinand I-Holy roman emperor
! Philip |
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| ended paying tribute to the Turks |
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| - married french kings daughter... no more controversy |
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| were being invaded by protestants. Elizabeth I was aiding the protestants. Philip II created the invincible armada(naval fleet).. it was destroyed by storms in the english canal. eventually lost part of the netherlands. |
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| sent to netherlands to help but didnt succeed. |
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| wanted to take over the government, persuade catholic to will protestants. |
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catherine deMedeci was wife
- catherine tried to get henry III to get rid of the hugenots but he wouldnt
- catherine daughter was marrying the protestant henry of navar
- when protestant crowds gathered at wedding 10000 hugenots were killed by
royal army. (st. bartholomew"s Day Massacre)
- Henry IV (protestant became catholic) took the throne. Henry III and Henry of Gi
were assinated by each others assassin. war of the 3 Henrys
- Henry IV- bourbon line of kings |
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| gave hugenots the right to fortify 100 cities |
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- calvinism added as choice of religion
- some german states were combined now 300+ countries instead of 500+
countries.
- war settled very little. disaster for germany land destruction. very big population
loss. |
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