1. Which of tthe following processes is the function of the smooth muscle layer of the digestive system?

a. Ingestion

b. Secretion

c. Mixing and propulsion

d. Absorption

e. None of the above

2. Which of the following is the primary function of the mouth?

a. Ingestion

b. Secretion

c. Mixing and propulsion

d. Absorption

e. None of the above

3. which of the follwing is the primary funciton of the villi of the small instestine?

a. Ingestion

b. Secretion

c. Mixing and propulsion

d. Absorption

e. None of the above

4. Which of the following accessory organs produces a fluid to soften food?

a. Teeth

b. Salivary glands

c. Liver

d. Gallbladder

e. Pharynx

5. This layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue containing blood and lymph vessels.

a. Muoca

b. Lamina propria

c. MALT

d. Muscularis

e. Epithelium

6. This layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis.

a. Submucosa

b. Lamina propria

e. Epithelium

d. Seroa

e. None of the above

7. These are composed of prominet lymphatic nodules that function in the immune response.

a. Mucosa

b. Lamina propria

c. MALT

8. This plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers of the muscularis.

a. ENS

b. Myentric plexus

c. Submucosal plexus

d. Digestive plexus

e. Absorption plexus

9. This portion of the peritoneum drapes over the transverse colon and coils of the small intestine.

a. Greater omentum

b. Falciform ligament

c. Lesser omentum

d. mesentery

e. Mesocolon

10. This portion of the peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm.

a. Greater omentum

b. Falciform ligament

c. Lesser omentum

d. mesentery

e. Mesocolon

11. This portion of the peritoneum is largely responsible for carrying blood and lymph vessels to the intestines.

a. Greater omentum

b. Falciform ligament

c. Lesser omentum

d. mesentery

e. Mesocolon

12. Which of the following secrete hydrochloric acid?

a. Mucous cells

b. Parietal cells

c. Chief cells

d. Serosa cells

e.Chyme cells

13. This digestive aid, produced by the stomach, begins digestion by denaturing proteins.

a. Bicarbonate ion

b. mucus

c Bile

d. Hydrochloric acid

e. Water

14. This portion of the peritoneum binds the jejunum and ileum of the small intestines to the posterior abdominal wall.

a. Greater omentum

b. Falciform ligament

c. Lesser omentum

d. Mesentery

e. Mesocoloon

15. The movement of food from the mouth into the stomach is achieved by the act of swallowing, or

a. Passage

b. Reflux

c. Deglutition

d. Both B and C

e. None of the above

16. This structure regulates the flow of material into the colon.

a. Ileocecal sphincter

b. Pyloric sphincter

c. appendix

d. Sigmoid colon

e. Anal canal

17. Structurally, the four major regions of the large intestive are the

a. Colon, appendix, rectum, anal canal

b. Mesocolon, tranverse colon, ascending colon, sigmoid colon

c. Mesoappendix, mesentery, colon, rectum

d. Colon, appendix, cecum, anal canal

e. Cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

18. Which of the following is not a primary function of the large intestine?

a. Mechanical digestion

b. Chemnical digestion

c. Absorption

d. Feces formation

e. Regulation of blood glucose

19. Fingerlike projections of mucosa that are the sites of absorptionof digested food and increase the surface area for digestion and absorption.

a. Circular Folds

b. Microvilli

c. Villi

d. Brunners' Glands.

e. Both B and C

20. Lingual glands in the tongue secrete an enzyme called lingual lipase which uses _______ as substrates.

a. Starches

b. Proteins

c. Maltose

d. Polysaccharides

e. Fats and oils

22. Which of the following cells secrete mucus? Figure 1

a. B

d. C

c. D

d. E

23. Which of the following cells secretes intrinsic factor? Figure 1

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

e. E

24. Which of the following cells secretes gastrin? Figure 1

a. A

d. B

c. D

d. D

e. E

25. Which of the following cells secretes pepsinogen? Figure 1

a. A

d. B

c. C

d. D

e. E

26. What is line A pointin to? Figure 2

a. Lumen

b. MALT

c. Mucosa

d. Submucosa

e. Muscularis

27. What layer is composed of areolar connective tissue and epithelium? Figure 2

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

e. E

28. What layer contains the lamina propria? Figure 2

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

e. E

29. True (A) or False (B) the epithelium in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal is mainly simple columnar epithelium.

30. This is the portion of the stomach that connects to the duodenum. Figure 3

a. A

b. E

c. B

d. C

e. D

31. What does line G point to? Figure 3

a. Pylorus

b. Pyloric sphincter

c. Ruggae

d. Pyloric antrum

e. Greater curvature

32. What is line I pointing to? Figure 3

a. Greater curvatue

b. Lesser curvature

c. Body

d. Fundus

e. Cardia

33. What is line A pointing to? Figure 3

a. Upper esophageal sphincter

b. Lesser curvatue

c. Lower esophageal sphincter

d. Fundus

e. Cardia

34. What is line H pointing to? Figure 3

a. Greater curvatue

b. Lesser curvatue

c. Lower esophageal sphincter

d. Fundus

e. Cardia

35. Swallowing occurs in 3 stages: in stage (1)

a. the involuntary state, the bolus is passed into the nasopharynx

b. the voluntary state, the bolus is passed into the oropharynx

c. The voluntary state, the bolus is passes into the nasopharynx

d. None of the above

36. This is considered to be the longest region of the small intestine.

a. Ileum

b. Duodenum

c. jejunum

39. When the terminal phosphate is cut off ATP what is formed?

a. Adenosine diphosphate

b. GTP

c. Adenosine monophosphate

d. Metabolic water

e. Glucose

41. Oxidation is

a. The removal of protons

b. The removal of electrons

c. The addition of protons

d. The addition of electrons

e. None of the above

42. Which two reactions require oxygen to produce ATP?

a. Glycolysis and formation of acetel coenzyme A

b. Electron transport chain

c. Krebs cycle

d. Both B and C

e. Both A and B

43. Which of the following occurs in the inner mitochondial memrabne of cells?

a. Substrate level phosphorylation

b. Substrate level and oxidative phophorylation

c. Oxidative phosphorylation

d. Photophosphorylation

44. Glycolysis, formation of acetyl Co-A, Krebs cylce and the electron transport chain are all involved iin:

a. Lipogensis

b. Gluconeogenesis

d. Glucose catabolism

d. Formation of Glycogen

e. Formation of vitamin C

45. Where does glycolysis take place?

a. Cytosol

b. Plasma membrane

c. Nucleus

d. Mitochondia

e. Golgi apparatus

46. Where does the kreb's cycle take place?

a. Cytosol

b. Plasma membrane

c. Nucleus

d. Mitochondia

e. Golgi Apparatus

47. Chemical reactions that combine simple molecules and monomers to form complex structures are known as

a. metabolism

b. Anabolism

c. Catabolism

d. Metatheses

e. None of the above

51. Which is not a major function of the kidney?

a. regulation of blood ionic compostion

b. regulation of blood cell size

c. regulation of blood volume

d. regulation of blood pressure

e. regulation of blood pH

52. Which of the following is a waste product normally excreted by the kidneys?

a. Urea

b. Glucose

b. Insulin

d. Cholesterol

e. Carbon dioxide

53. The portion of the kidney that extends between the renal pyramids is called the

a. Renal columns

b. renal medulla

c. renal pelvis

d. calyces

e. renal papilla

54. Which is the correct order of blood flow?

a. renal artery-segmental artery-interlobar artery peritubular capillaries-afferent arterioles

b. interlobular arteries-arcuate arteries-glomerular capillaties-arcuate veins

c. arcuate veins-arcuate arteries-glomerular capillaries-renal vein

d. renal vein-segmental arteries-interlobar arteries-efferent arterioles

e. interlobar veins-afferent arterioles-efferent arterioles-glomerular capillaries

55. Which is the correct order of filtrage flow?

a. Glomerular capsule, Proximal convoluted Tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT), Collecting duct

b. Loopf of Henle, Glomerular Capsule, PCT, DCT, Collecting duct

c. Ascending limb of Loop, PCT, DCT, Collecting duct

d. Collecting duct, DCT, PCT, Collecting duct, Glomerular Capsule

e. PCT, Glomerular Capsule, DCT, Collecting duct, Loope of Henle

56. This is the structure of the nephron that filters blood.

a. Glomerular capsule

b. Loop of Henle

c. Ascending limb

d. collecting duct

e. Renal corpuscle

57. this term means entry of substances into the body from the filtrate.

a. reabsorption

b. filtration

c. secretion

d. excretion

e. none of the above

58. This is a nephron process that results in a substance in blood entering the already formed filtrate.

a. reabsorption

b. filtration

c. secretion

d. exretion

e. none of the above

59. This transports urine from the kidney to the bladder.

a. Urethra

b. Ureter

c. Descending loop of Henle

d. Renal hilus

e. none of the above

60. This process occurs in hepatocytes and produces ammonia (NH3). the cells then convert the highly toxic ammonia to urea.

a. Ketogenesis

b. Lipogenesis

c. Glucogenesis

d. Deamination

e. Both B and C

61. What is are A?

66. What is are I?

68. What is are K?

71. Which is the correct path for urine drainage?

a. Renal pelvis, bladder, ureter, nephron, papillary duct in renal pyramid

b. nephron, major calyx, bladder, ureter, papillary duct in renal pyramid

c. papillary duct in renal pyramid, major calyx, renal pelvis, nephron, bladder

d. Nephron, papillary duct in renal pyramid, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, baldder

76. how much of the total volume of body fluid is intracellular fluid?

a. 10%

b. 50%

c. 1/3

d. 2/3

e. 99%

77. 80% of the extracellular fluid is

a. Plasma

b. Cytosol

c. Interstitial fluid

d. Lymph

e. Bile

This is the largest single component of the human body.

a. Skin

b. Water

c. Blood

d. Organs.

e. Electrolytes

79. This occurs when water loss is greater than water gain.

a. Dehydration

b. Evaporation

c. Precipitation

d. Insensible loss

e. None of the above

80. Which of the following is a function of an electrolyte in the body?

a. Controlling osmosis between compartments

b. Maintaining acid-base balance

c. Carry electrical currents

d. Serve as cofactors

e. All of the above

81. In extracellular fluid the most abundant cation is

a. Na+

b. Cl-

c. K+

d. HPO2−4

e. HCO₃⁻

82. In extracellular fluid the most abundant anion is

a. Na+

b. Cl-

c. K+

d. HPO2−4

e. HCO₃⁻

83. In intracellular fluid the most abundant cation is

a. Na+

b. Cl-

c. K+

d. HPO2−4

e. HCO₃⁻

84. In intracellular fluid the most abundant anion is

a. Na+

b. Cl-

c. K+

d. HPO2−4

e. HCO₃⁻

85. this is the most abundant mineral in the body.

a. Na+

b. Calcium

c. Magnesium

d. Phosphate

e. Proteins

86. This structure is the site of sperm production.

a. Vas deferens

b. Seminiferous tubules

c. Albuginea

d. Epididymis

e. Raphe

87. The function of epididymis is

a. Sperm maturation

b. Produce Sperm

c. Speratid storage

d. provide nutrition to sperm

e. Absorption of calcium

88. This is the site of fertilization.

a. Ureters

b. Urethra

c. Uterine tubes

d. Ovaries

e. Vagina

89. This is the portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina.

a. Urethra

b. Cervix

c. Uterine tubes

d. Inguinal canal

e. Ovaries.

90. What is produced by the ovaries?

a. Primary oocytes, insulin and estrogen

b. Secondary oocytes, progesterone and cortisol

c. Tertiary oocytes, insulin and estrogen

d. Secondary oocytes, estrogen and progesterone

e. Primary oocytes, estrogen and testosterone