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Communication Accommodation Theory. Objective theory. Socio-psychological Tradition. Developed by Howard Giles.
People adapt their communication styles to match that of another person of a different culture.
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| The constant movement toward or away from others by changing your communicative behavior. |
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| A strategy of adapting your communication behavior in such a way as to become more similar to another person. |
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| A communication strategy of accentuation the differences between you and another person. |
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| Also known as Underaccomodation. The persisting in your original communication style regardless of the communication behavior of the other; similar to divergence. |
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| Demeaning or patronizing talk; excessive concern paid to vocal clarity or amplification; message simplification, or repetition. |
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| Define self-handicapping. |
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| For the elderly, a strategy that says age is the reason why they can or cannot do certain things. |
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| Explain the different motivations for convergence and divergence. |
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Definition
| Desire for social approval is the main motivation for convergence. |
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Term
| List and Explain the five factors that increase the odds an exchange will be perceived as intergroup. |
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Definition
- Collectivistic Cultural Context
- We- centered forcus creates similarity between people in cultures.
- Distressing history of interaction
- If the previous interactions were uncomfortable, competitive, or hostile, both interactions will tend to ascribe that outcome to the other person's social identity.
- If the previous interactions was positive, the result is often ascribed to the individual rather than a group.
- Stereotypes
- People both elderly and the young stereotype one another.
- Norms for the treatment of groups
- Norms - expectations about behavior that members of a community fell should (or should not) occur.
- High group- solidarity/ High group-dependence
- No single factor determines a person's inital orientation.
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Definition
| The perceptual process by which we observe what people do and then try to figure out their intent or disposition. |
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| Explain how the attribution process affects perceptions of convergence and divergence. |
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Definition
| Another way we evaluate our conversational partner's convergent or divergent behavior. |
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Term
| Explain Genderlect Styles. |
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Definition
Primary differences between men and women's communcation styles that is best viewed as two distint cultural dialects.
Semiotic Traditions- Socio-cultural Traditions.
Created by Deborah Tannen. |
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| The typical conversational style of women, which seeks to establish connection with others. |
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Definition
| The typical monologic style of men, which seeks to command attention, convey information, and win arguements. |
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| Explain the five different dimensions that Tannen believes are important to distinguishing between rapport and report talk (be able to provide and identify examples of each) |
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Definition
- Private speaking vs. public speaking
- Tannen finds that women talk more in private conversations than men do.
- Rapport talk vs. Report talk
- Telling a story
- Tannen recognizes that the stories people tell reveal a great deal about their hopes, needs, and values.
- Listening
- Cooperative overlap- a supportive interruption often meant to show agreement and solidarity with the speaker.
- Asking Questions
- Tag question - a short question at the end of a declaritive statement, often used by women.
- Conflict
- Men are more comfortable with conflict whereas women see conflict as a threat to connection.
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Term
| Discuss how context of talk and response to problems differs by gender. |
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Definition
Women talk is focus; face-to-face. Men talk while doing something else; side-by-side. Women: Problem matching, Avoid conflict. Men: Problem solving, Engage in conflict |
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| Discuss limitations to Genderlect Theory. |
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Definition
Not all women seek connection.
Based on how someone is raised.
Not a good solid theory. |
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Definition
Muted Group Theory. Interpretive Theory. Critical Tradition, Phenomenological Tradition. Developed by Cheris Kramarea.
People's voices tend to be overlooked and not listened to. |
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| Define muted group and provide an example. |
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Definition
People belonging to low-power groups who change their language when communicating publicly, thus, their ideas are often over looked.
An example is women. |
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| Define privilege and paths of least resistance. |
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Definition
Via social categories not individuals.
Belonging to a privileged category ≠ being an oppressive person. Can have access to privilege without feeling privileged.
Limitless behaviors passible in any situation. Many of those behaviors will produce resistance. We tend to behave in ways that will produce the least resistance. |
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| Explain why Kramarae says that language is a manmade construction. |
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Definition
| Kramarae maintains that language is literally man-made creation. Women's words were discounted in society; women's thoughts are devalued. |
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Term
| Define gatekeepers and provide/identify an example. |
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Definition
| Editors and other arbiters of culture who determine which books, essays, poetry, plays, film strips, etc. will appear in the mass media. |
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| What asspects of the internet does Kramarea see as providing a voice to muted groups? |
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Definition
| Kramarae is enthusiastic about blogs or online journals that are immediately publishable and available to all Internet users. |
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| Explain translation and provide an example. |
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Definition
| The way women tend to men because men are seen as a much greater power than women. |
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| Provide an example from Kramarea's feminist dictionary. |
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Definition
Cuckold - The husband of an unfaithful wife.
The wife of an unfaithful husband is just called a wife. |
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Term
| Contrast Tannen and Kramarea's different theories on gender and communication. |
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Definition
Tannen: Rapport Talk vs. Report Talk.
Kramarea: Women are the muted group and men are the dominant group. |
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Term
| What is co-cultural communication theory? Be able to identify strategies for co-cultural communication. |
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Definition
An extension of muted group theory.
Argues that marginalized groups have specific communication strategies they use when interacting with the dominant group in order to respond to muting. |
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