Term
| The difference between ATP an the nucleoside triphosphate used during DNA synthesis. |
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Definition
the sugar compliment
ATP-Ribose
Nucleoside Triphosphate-Dioxiribose |
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Term
| Difference between leading and lagging strand. |
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Definition
The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5'\to3' direction, with one primer needed
the lagging strand is synthesized in the oppisite direction and needs many primers |
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Term
| What is the role of primase? |
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Definition
| helps in building a RNA primer |
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Term
| What is meant by the decription "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA? |
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Definition
| The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand. Complimentary counter direction. |
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Term
| What determines the nucleotide sequence of the newly synthesized strand during DNA replication? |
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Definition
| the nucleotide sequence of the template strand |
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Term
| Males are more often affected by sex-linked traits than females because males are _________________ for the X chromosome. |
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Definition
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Term
| A new DNA strand elonates only in the 5' to 3' direction because_____________________. |
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Definition
| DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the free 3' end and can add only in the 3' direction |
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Term
| The frequency of down syndrome in the human poplulation is most closely correlated with ________ of the mother. |
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Definition
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Term
| The coding segments of the stretch of eukaryotic DNA are called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| If there are 20 chromatids in the cell, how many centromeres are there in the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do the microtubules of the spindle originate during mitosis in both plants and animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, the pancrease, the digestinve syustem, and other organs, resulting in sympltoms ranging from breathing difficulties to recurrent infrctions. Which of the following terms best describes this> |
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Definition
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Term
| Difference between Meiosis and Mitosis. |
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Definition
In mitosis chromosomes separates and form into two identical sets of daughter nuclei, and it is followed by cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm). Basically, in mitosis the mother cell divides into two daughter cells which are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell.
Meiosis is a reductional cell division where the number of chromosomes is divided into half. Gametes formations occur in animal cell and meiosis is necessary for sexual reproduction which occurs in eukaryotes. Meiosis influence stable sexual reproduction by halving of ploidy or chromosome count. Without meiosis the fertilization would result in zygote with twice the number of the parent.
meiosis - cell divides but chromosomes are not duplicated. the product is two haploid cells with slightly different DNA (due to crossing over of chromosomes when they line up in metaphase)
mitosis - cell divides into two identical daughter cells. if the mother cell is diploid, the two daughter cells will be too |
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Term
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Definition
| the nonappearance of a characteristic determined by one gene because it has been suppressed or masked by the activity of another gene AKA type of gene interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical position of a gene on a chromosome |
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Term
| In complete dominance, the phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross is _______, while the genotypic ratio is _________. In complete dominance, the phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation of the dihyubrid cross is __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does the DNA double helix have a uniform diameter? |
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Definition
| Purines pair with pyrimidines |
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Term
| Which RNA polymerase is involved in RNA transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of DNA polymerase III? |
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Definition
| to add nucleotides to the end of a growing DNA strand. synthesizing,catilizing elongation |
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Term
| What is the function of DNA polymerase I? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the two types of RNA processing observed in eukaryotic cells. |
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Definition
1. Addition of the 5'cap and the 3'polyA tail.
2. Splicing of introns |
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Term
| What is role of 5'cap and poly A tail? |
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Definition
| facilitate the export of the mature mRNA from the neuclous. Helps protect mRNA |
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Term
| During which phase of mitosis are the chromosomes composed of two chromatids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Difference between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. |
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Definition
DNA Polymerase enzyme requires RNA primer for initiating Replication
RNA Polymerase enyme do not require such primer for its activity |
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Term
| Difference between eukaryotic transcription and prokaryotic transcription. |
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Definition
In eukaryotic cells, the transcription of DNA occurs within the nucleus of the cell. Prokaryotic cells do not have nuclei so transcription occurs within the cell body
Eukaryotic transcription occurs in the nucleus, an organelle which prokaryotes lack. Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm.
Eurkaryotic transcripts are spliced in spliceosome, removing introns and splicing together exons. Prokaryotic transcription lacks this splicing process.
Prokaryotic cells have the ability to transcribe and translate simultaneously, eukaryotic cells cannot. eukaryotic transcription needs binders and prokaryotic transcriptions does not need binders |
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Term
| In eukaryotic RNA transcription, in addition to RNA polymerase what else is required? |
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Definition
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Term
| When a tRNA molecule is shown twisted into an L shape, the form represented is _________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the role of DNA helicase? |
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Definition
| unwind the duplex DNA in order to provide a single-stranded DNA for replication, transcription, and recombination for instance |
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Term
| What is the role of topoisomerase? |
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Definition
| helps releave strain by breaking, swiveling and rejoining strands |
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Term
| What is the function of DNA ligase? |
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Definition
| joins together the Okazaki fragments |
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Term
| What is the function of Single strand binding protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a cell undergoes mitosis but not cytokinesis what would you observe? |
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Definition
| a cell with two or more nuclei. |
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Term
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Definition
fibers become coiled into chromosomes with each chromosome having two chromatids joined at a centromere.
The mitotic spindle, composed of microtubules and proteins, forms in the cytoplasm.
In animal cells, the mitotic spindle initially appears as structures called asters which surround each centriole pair.
The two pair of centrioles (formed from the replication of one pair in Interphase) move away from one another toward opposite ends of the cell due to the lengthening of the microtubules that form between them |
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Term
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Definition
Changes that occur in a cell during metaphase:
- The nuclear membrane disappears completely.
- In animal cells, the two pair of centrioles align at opposite poles of the cell.
- Polar fibers (microtubules that make up the spindle fibers) continue to extend from the poles to the center of the cell.
- Chromosomes move randomly until they attach (at their kinetochores) to polar fibers from both sides of their centromeres.
- Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate at right angles to the spindle poles.
- Chromosomes are held at the metaphase plate by the equal forces of the polar fibers pushing on the centromeres of the chromosomes.
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Term
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Definition
Changes that occur in a cell during anaphase:
- The paired centromeres in each distinct chromosome begin to move apart.
- Once the paired sister chromatids separate from one another, each is considered a "full" chromosome. They are referred to as daughter chromosomes.
- Through the spindle apparatus, the daughter chromosomes move to the poles at opposite ends of the cell.
- The daughter chromosomes migrate centromere first and the kinetochore fibers become shorter as the chromosomes near a pole.
- In preparation for telophase, the two cell poles also move further apart during the course of anaphase. At the end of anaphase, each pole contains a complete compilation of chromosomes.
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
~RNA Polymerase moves the transcription bubble, a stretch of unpaired nucleotides, by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides.
~RNA Polymerase adds matching RNA nucleotides that are paired with complementary DNA bases.
~RNA sugar-phosphate backbone forms with assistance from RNA polymerase.
~Hydrogen bonds of the untwisted RNA+DNA helix break, freeing the newly synthesized RNA strand.
~If the cell has a nucleus, the RNA is further processed (addition of a 3' poly-A tail and a 5' cap) and exits through to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Translation proceeds in four phases: activation, initiation, elongation and termination (all describing the growth of the amino acid chain, or polypeptide that is the product of translation) |
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Definition
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