Term
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Definition
The Perching Birds sparrow shaped more than 50% of birds
All w/ anisodactyl digits, the pollex is level with all the other digits.
Three toes forward and one toe backward
thin tendons called flexor tendons from the leg muscles down the back of the tarsus bone and attach to the toes
so when they squat the tendon sucks the toes closed and they can sleep perching. |
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Term
| What are the suborder of the Passeriformes? |
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Definition
Tyranni = Subocines - have a muscularly simple syrinx <1500 species
Passeres = Ocines - have complex syrinx muscles. They are the song birds >4000 species |
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Term
| The physiology of bird is focused on what? |
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Definition
adaption for flight.
Endothermic metabolism
High metabolic rate |
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Term
| Endothermic metabolism of birds |
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Definition
The smaller the bird, the more the energy needed related to size bird is.
The bigger the bird, the less it requires per kg of body mass.
27 Gram sparrow 312kcal /kg/ hr
humans 1 kcal/kg/hr
Inverse correlation between size and metabolic rate
if human had the metabolism of birds we'd have to eat 400 pounds of food a day. |
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Term
| Name 6 ways bird meet the demand of their high metabolic rate |
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Definition
1. Diet-> eat high energy diet
2. Efficient energy extraction, bird
are 70% efficient.
3. Rich glucose level in the blood,
double that of mammals.
4. Good at fat deposition - some can
double their weight in 5-7 days
in fat.
5. Hemoglobin - weak affinity to O2.
Bird arterial and venous blood has
60% difference.
Humans 26-27% drop of O2
6. 15 days - from hatching to flying-
have to grow. huge energy demands.
T(b) ↑metabolism, ↑energy, ↑heat
most bird 40-44° C / 104-111° F
increase time = increase rate
can be up to 49°C / 120° F |
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Term
| Thermoregulation - maintenance of T(b) |
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Definition
Endothermic and homeothermic -
independent of T(a) - very high T(b)
There still is an upper and lower critical temperature |
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Term
| 2 methods to maintain temp |
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Definition
Behaviorally
Physiologically |
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Term
| Short term, daily maintenance of temperature |
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Definition
1 more fuel (?)
2 Alter insulation compress vs increase
Ptiloerection if cold
3 Panting to lose heat across the respiratory system mouth and pharynx
4 Gular fluttering lose heat across entire respiratory system.
5 vasomotor response ..mammals are good at ..peripheral vasoconstriction if cold .. vasodilation if hot
6 counter current heat exchange in the leg...
7 shivering - thermogenesis general heat firds focus on pectorals
8 hypothermic or hyperthermic ..is to allow a lowering or raising of body temperature to conserve energy
9 Torpor
3 |
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Term
| How does high body temperature benefit a bird? |
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Definition
| High temperatures, besides increasing the rate of chemical reactions, permit important physical functions that depend on diffusion to go on more rapidly. Heat speeds the diffusion of transmitter chemicals in nerve connections; the hotter a bird can be, the more rapidly vital information can be processed and commands sent to the bird's muscles. This allows birds to react more quickly. So high operating temperatures have clear advantages for both avian predators and prey; birds are not dependent on the sun's warmth to attain those temperatures. |
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Term
| Explain counter-current heat exchange |
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Definition
| Veins and arteries in the leg are close to each other, and as warm blood leaves the body, it heats up the cold blood returning to the body. |
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Term
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Definition
Precocial species are those hatched covered with down and are able to respond immediately to changes in the ambient temperature as they are capable of thermoregulation or are able to withstand body temperature fluctuations without harm.Examples are waterfowl, chicken, ptarmigan, etc
Altricial species, those born naked, such as songbirds, woodpeckers, doves, etc. have little or no ability to thermoregulate and are heavily dependent on their parents to warm them. It may be 10 days before they can fully thermoregulate. |
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Term
| Types of diets for high energy and light weight of birds |
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Definition
seeds gravivoires
Fruit frugivores Orioles,
waxwings, and toucans In tropical climates, hornbills, toucans, cassowaries, and parrots also have a fruit-based diet
nector are the apodiformes
sap are the Piciformes
leaves folivores
Insects / arthropods
meat eaters =carnivore
An avivorous eats other birds.
wax eaters |
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Term
benefits and downfalls of
seed diet, seed eaters |
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Definition
| High fat but low protein and requires water |
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Term
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Definition
folivores.. easy to find but low protein and are hard to digest ..requires fermentation
Opisthocomiformes .. Hoatzin stink bird ferments leaves
The only bird in the Opisthocomiformes order is the hoatzin
FRESH leaves are easy to eat but it takes a ton... low protein but pick up bugs accidently |
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Term
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Definition
| the crissum is the undertail coverts surrounding the cloaca |
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Term
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Definition
Piciformes tap into the cambrium of trees for sap..
it contain sugar and amino acids but it's hard to get.. Piciformes peck sap wells |
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Term
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Definition
| Arthropods are high protein and can have decent lipid quantities.. but they are seasonal.. bird migrate maybe for this food.. technically they are carnivors |
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Term
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Definition
carnivores birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians ,fist
they are easy to digest and have lots of protein and fat.. but are difficult .. run away, hide, fight back .. there is a high failure rate... carrion feeders |
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Term
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Definition
super rare... hard to digest.. honey cell wax
oxpeckers - yellow rumped warblers
and tree swallows and honey guides
Procellariformes petrels and auklets eat marine crustaceans (wax) |
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Term
| Discuss birds' circulatory systems |
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Definition
4 chamber heart = 2 atria + 2 ventricles
Birds have a right aortic arch venous system meaning it is reptile like.
Double circuit system - pulmonary and systemic system
Bird hearts are 40% - 100% larger than comparable sized mammals.. on average a bird's heart is 4% of its body mass |
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Term
| The bird heart is mostly made up of what? |
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Definition
Mostly muscled ventricles .. the major size difference is ventrically.
The ventricles have very thick muscled walls. |
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Term
| Discuss the benefits of the large heart for birds |
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Definition
The cardiac output is high. There is a large volume of cardiac output and the large heart can beat faster, easier. The BPM can be fast.
Passerines at rest heart beats 350=480 BPM
Hummingbirds 20/second, 1200 BPM at rest and can double or triple |
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Term
| Discuss BPM of the bird heart |
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Definition
Passerines at rest heart beats 350=480 BPM
Hummingbirds 20/second, 1200 BPM at rest and can double or triple.
larger birds have fewer heart beats..
large birds 150 - 300 bpm
Ostrich = 100 bpm |
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Term
| Birds have a huge cardiac output ... what is cardiac output? |
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Definition
Heart rate X stroke volume
passerines 100ml - 200ml / kg / min
humans 8-12 /min....5 L/ min |
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Term
| the price of maintaining body temperature, being an endotherm |
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Definition
| Birds and mammals maintain a constant body temperature ∼37°C: their activity is not affected by a cold or a warm surrounding. This advantage has a price: the increased basal metabolic rate requires a higher cardiac output and a higher BP. |
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Term
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Definition
huge cardiac output
volume X rate = cardiac output |
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Term
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Definition
RBC of birds are not round,
they are elliptical in shape and they are nucleated
And the RBC of birds has less affinity for Oxygen... and Oxygen is given up easier to the muscles |
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Term
| Discuss Avian Blood Pressure |
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Definition
HIGH 300 - 400 mm hg
arteries have to have thick walls
Bird are prone to
cardiovascular failure, heart attacks, aortic rupture, hemorrhage |
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Term
| Bird are the very top best and most efficient at what? |
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Definition
| Their respiratory system gets oxygen in and carbon dioxide out.. better than any other thing... |
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Term
| What is one of the greatest adaption to flight? |
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Definition
| The respiratory system of birds |
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Term
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Definition
| the grape-like alveoli are replaced by thin-walled, tubular structures called parabronchi |
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Term
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Definition
parabronchi are covered by a rich supply of capillaries and are the sites for gas exchange.
Parabronchi are located throughout the lungs between secondary bronchi.
Just as air moves in one direction through the lungs, it also flows in one direction through the parabronchi, from one secondary bronchus into another. |
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Term
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Definition
act as bellows to direct airflow through the lungs in one direction..This increases lung efficiency.
The air sacs are arranged in two groups: one coming off the front of the lungs (anterior) and the other off the back of the lungs (posterior). |
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Term
| respiration of birds inhalation 1 |
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Definition
During inspiration,
the posterior air sacs expand,
pulling air into the primary bronchi, which terminate near the far end of the lungs.
While some of the air is diverted through secondary bronchi near the back of the lungs and into parabronchi, most of it passes directly into the posterior group of air sacs.
At the same time, the anterior air sacs expand, pulling air from the parabronchi through the secondary bronchi.
This creates the one-way back-to-front flow through the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
During expiration, the air sacs contract, forcing air from both air-sac groups
Air from the posterior air sacs moves through the parabronchi,
while air from the anterior air sacs moves into the primary bronchi and trachea and then out of the body.
Notice that during both inspiration and expiration, air is flowing one way through the parabronchi. |
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Term
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Definition
Birds lack a diaphragm.
They move air in and out of their lungs and air sacs by means of special muscles that move the ribs and sternum downward and forward, expanding the body cavity and causing inspiration, and then up and backward, contracting the body cavity and causing expiration.
air moves in and out through distention and compression of the air sacs, not the lungs. |
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Term
| besides respiration what is a function of the air sacs |
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Definition
| Thermoregulation is another essential function of the air sacs |
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Term
| Remember the hollow bones.. |
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Definition
| The air sacs in a bird's lungs connect to the air spaces in these bones, and the bones then act as part of the avian respiratory system. They are called pneumatic bones and include the skull, humerus, clavicle, keel, pelvic girdle, and lumbar and sacral vertebrae. A broken pneumatic bone can cause a bird to have difficulty breathing. |
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Term
| What do bellows do (air sacs)? |
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Definition
| They store air and remove heat |
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Term
| what would cause a bird to breath through its mouth |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the bends and folds in birds nasal chambers. |
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Definition
concha
humans filter and warm air but bird don't have hair and need more time to warm |
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Term
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Definition
Internal nares via oropharynx (enterance to .. flows past glottis (flap) into the trachea
The base of trachea is enlarged into a tracheal bulla
Then past the syrinx voice box... the syrinx splits into 2 primary bronchi to each lung the primary bronchi turns into the mesobranch in the lung where the air passes through the lung with no gas exchange
into the Posterior air sacs
via second bronchi and dorsobranch: ventrobronchi all reconverge and exit into the anterior air sacs then back out the trachea the long are rigid the air sacs are very dorsal |
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Term
| what is the tracheal bulla |
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Definition
| The base of the trachea is enlarged and is the tracheal bulla |
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