Term
| 2 basic branches of sensory nervous system |
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Definition
1. Somatosensory
2. Visceral sensory |
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Term
| Examples of somatosensory sensory receptors: |
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Definition
Dermal receptors
skeletal muscle and joints
periosteum
parietal layers |
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Term
| Examples of visceral sensory receptors |
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Definition
Mucous memranes
Smooth & cardiac muscles
Organs (visceral layers) and glands |
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Term
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Definition
| Any detectible change in the internal/external env. |
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Term
Def.
Differential sensitivity |
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Definition
| Refers to the characteristic of sensory nerve receptors being very specific in what stimulus they detect |
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Term
| 2 types of info brought by a stimulus that the sensory nerve codes for the brain |
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Definition
| 1. Stimulus intensity 2. Stimulus type (temp, pain, touch, brightness, loudness) |
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Term
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Definition
| Changing the RMP to a more positive value |
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Term
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Definition
undershoot
Falling phase, below RMP |
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Term
T/F
An AP is always the same size |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
An AP DOES NOT vary in frequency |
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Definition
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Term
| The brain knows the stimulus by which s_______ f___er is activated |
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Definition
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Term
| A strong stimulus yields a(n) decrease/increase in AP frequency |
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Definition
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Term
| All sensory information goes to the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ers detect pressure changes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Thermoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Electromagnetic
Tonic
Phasic |
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Term
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Definition
| The decreasing sensitivity of a receptor to the unchanging and continuing presence of a stimulus |
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Term
| Characteristics of I (A alpha) sensory fibers: |
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Definition
Ia
Ib
Thick axon, Thick myelin |
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Term
| Characteristics of II(A beta) sensory fibers: |
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Definition
| Thick axon, less myelin than type I fibers |
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Term
| Characteristics of III (A delta) sensory fibers: |
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Definition
Thin axon, thin myelin
carry sharp pain and info about warmth |
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Term
| Characteristics of IV (C) sensory fibers: |
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Definition
Thin axon, NO myelin
carry dull pain and info about cold temps and itching (pruritus) |
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Term
| 1st Order Sensory Neurons: |
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Definition
Sensory neurons
Carry info to the spinal cord |
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Term
| 2nd Order Sensory Neurons: |
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Definition
Interneurons
Carry info from spinal cord (dorsal root ganglion) to the thalamus/medulla |
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Term
| 3rd Order Sensory Neurons: |
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Definition
| Sensory motor neurons Carry info from thalamus/medulla to the cerebrum (cortex) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory spinal nerves reaching the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| A motor neuron and all of the muscles it innervates |
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Term
| 3 areas of spinal cord interneurons |
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Definition
| 1. Dorsomedial white column (lemniscal tracts) - carry information about proprioception and tactile 2. Anterolateral white coumn (spinothalamic tract) - carry information about pain and temp 3. Lateral/anterior corticospinal tracts - carry voluntary motor information down to skeletal muscles |
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Term
T/F
The CEREBRUM will edit and route sensory info |
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Definition
FALSE
It's the thalamus that does this |
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Term
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Definition
| Cortical representations of body parts |
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Term
| 2 structures involved in somatosensory transmission and where they're located: |
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Definition
1. Primary somatosensory cortex (post central gyrus)
2. Secondary somatosensory cortex (posterior to PSC) |
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Term
| Function of alpha motor neurons: |
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Definition
stimulate extrafusal muscles to contract
generates movement |
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Term
| Function of gamma motor neurons: |
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Definition
stimulate intrafusal muscles to contract
doesn't lead to movement
fine tunes sensory neurons |
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Term
| Ia dynamic sensory neurons |
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Definition
stretch receptors of a muscle
provide info about the angle @ a joint |
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Term
| II static sensory neurons |
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Definition
| responds to the after-stretch of a muscle |
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Term
| Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO) |
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Definition
Involved in reflex inhibition - will turn off a reflex that is extremely excessive
respond to CONTRACTION of a muscle NOT stretch |
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Term
| What is body schema built from? |
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Definition
| Proprioceptive information |
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Term
| 2 locations of proprioception: |
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Definition
1. Somatosensory cortex
2. Cerebellum |
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Term
T/F
Any sensory receptor can become a pain receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The intensity level at which a stimulus is judged to be painful |
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Term
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Definition
| An intact/normal pain receptor detects tissue damage |
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Term
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Definition
| pain that derives from damage from any of the 3 sensory neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| No tissue damage and no sensory nerve damage (mental pain) |
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Term
Bradykinin
Prostaglandin
Substance P |
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Definition
| Cause UP regulation of pain receptors (decrease pain threshold) |
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Term
Enkephalins
Endorphins
Dynorphins |
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Definition
| Cause DOWN regulation of pain receptors (increase pain threshold) |
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Term
T/F
Receptors may be up-regulated |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
Medulla down-regulates pain raceptors |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is fast pain able to be localized? |
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Definition
| Because you "feel pain" in the somatosensory cortex, which is fine tuned to the parts of the body |
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Term
T/F
Dull pain is easily localized |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Taste
2. Smell
3. Hearing
4. Sight
5. Balance |
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Term
| 5 primary taste sensations: |
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Definition
1. Sweet
2. Salty
3. Sour
4. Bitter
5. Umami |
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Term
| What chemicals trigger sweet receptors? |
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Definition
| 3 carbs our body uses for energy (glucose, fructose, galactose) |
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Term
| What chemicals trigger salty receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What chemicals trigger sour receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What chemicals trigger bitter receptors? |
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Definition
| alkaloids (basic substances) |
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Term
| What chemicals trigger umami receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical that MUST dissolve in saliva in order to be tasted |
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Term
| Odorant receptors are ____ order neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ receptors detect chemicals in the air and are located in the roof of the nasal cavity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Orthonasal - perceived as an aroma
2. Retronasal - perceived as flavor |
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Term
| We become conscious of an aroma in the p______ c______ |
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Definition
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Term
| We perceive flavor in the _____ ______ _______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| number of waves that pass through a point per second (pitch) |
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Term
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Definition
| the height of the sound wave (loudness) |
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Term
| 2 functions of the auricle of the external ear: |
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Definition
1. Channel sounds toward tympanum
2. Amplify sound |
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Term
| 2 functions of the tympanum of the external ear: |
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Definition
1. Converts sound into vibrations
2. Amplify sound |
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Term
| The spiral canal that holds the receptors for hearing is called the c________ |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 functions of the auditory ossicles of the middle ear: |
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Definition
1. Transmit the vibrations from the tympanum to the cochlea
2. Amplify sound |
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Term
| 1 Function of the auditory tube of the middle ear: |
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Definition
| 1. Equalizes pressure between external and inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| Dampening of sound during vocalization |
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Term
| 4 parts of the spiral organ: |
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Definition
1. Tectorial membrane
2. Basilar membrane
3. Type II outer hair cells
4. Type I inner hair cells |
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Term
| Function of the tectorial membrane of the spiral organ |
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Definition
roof of the spiral organ
cilia are anchored to this membrane |
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Term
| Function of the basilar membrane |
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Definition
| vibrates at different frequencies |
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Term
T/F
The tectorial membrane and basilar membrane play a large role in hearing |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 Functions of type II outer hair cells: |
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Definition
fine tunes the basilar membrane to a frequency
amplify sound |
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Term
| Function of type I inner hair cells: |
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Definition
| convert waves in the cochlea into electrical signals |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to 2+ wavelengths superimposed on one another (this gives sounds unique characteristics) |
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Term
| Low pitched sounds are heard in the (apex/base) of the cochlea |
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Definition
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Term
| High pitched sounds are heard in the (apex/base) of the cochlea |
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Definition
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Term
| List the order auditory pathway |
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Definition
1. CN 8
2. Medulla cochlear nuclei
3. Thalamus
4. Primary auditory cortex |
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Term
| Auditory/equilibrium pathway- Function of CN8 |
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Definition
| Transmits auditory AND balance/equilibrium |
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Term
Auditory pathway-
Function of the medulla cochlear nuclei |
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Definition
| Localize/pinpoint where a sound is coming from |
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Term
Auditory pathway-
Function of the inferior colliculus |
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Definition
(part of the tectum)
controls the "startle response" by loud sounds |
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Term
Auditory pathway-
Function of the thalamus |
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Definition
| Edit and routes all sensory information |
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Term
Auditory pathway-
Function of the primary auditory cortex |
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Definition
| Analyzes the pitch of a sound (tonoptical mapping) |
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Term
| List the order of the equilibrium pathway |
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Definition
1. CN 8
2. Vestibular nuclei (pons & medulla)
3. Thalamus
4. Superior colliculus
5. Post central gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex)
6. Cerebellum |
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Term
| 2 parts of the vestibular complex: |
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Definition
1. Vestibule
2. Semicircular canals |
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Term
T/F
The vestibule portion of the vestibular complex detects rotational changes of the head |
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Definition
FALSE
It detects LINEAR changes of the bodies |
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Term
| 2 parts of the otolith organs of the vestibule |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Detects changes in horizontal movement |
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Term
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Definition
| detects changes in vertical movement |
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Term
| Name of the receptors in semi-circular canals |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the vestibulo-ocular reflex |
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Definition
| The eyes will turn in the opposite direction to maintain eye fixation |
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Term
Equilibrium pathway -
3 functions of the vestibular nuclei |
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Definition
1. Relay sensory information to the thalamus
2. Vestibulo-ocular reflex
3. Stimulate Axial balance |
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Term
Equilibrium pathway -
Function of superior colliculus |
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Definition
| controls the eyes when head is moving |
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Term
| Equilibrium pathway - Function of the post central gyrus |
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Definition
| where we become consciously aware of body position |
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Term
Equilibrium pathway -
Function of the cerebellum |
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Definition
| Controls muscles of appendicular skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
1. Fibrous tunic (sclera, cornea)
2. Vascular tunic (choroid, iris)
3. Neural tunic (retina) |
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Term
| 4 structures in the eye involved in light refraction |
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Definition
1. Cornea (75% of light is bent here)
2. Aqueous humor
3. Lens
4. Vitreous humor |
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Term
T/F
aqueous humor is always being replenished |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Changing the shape of the lens to bend light |
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Term
T/F
The lens fine tunes light by changing it's shape |
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Definition
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Term
| Distant vision is under (sympathetic/parasympathetic) control |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 steps in distant vision: |
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Definition
1. Ciliary muscles relax - also become thinner, pulling down on lens
2. Lens thins
3. Pupil dilation - when radial muscles are contracted |
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Term
| Near vision is under (sympathetic/parasympathetic) control |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Ciliary muscles contract - they bulge, which will relax fibers connected to lens
2. Lens widens
3. Pupil constriction - when circular muscles contract |
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Term
| Med term for pupil constriction |
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Definition
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Term
| Med term for pupil dilation |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
The cornea contains photoreceptors |
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Definition
FALSE
The retina contains photoreceptors |
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Term
| The photo pupillary reflex is controlled by which cranial nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
The macula contains large amount of rods and cones |
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Definition
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Term
| The fovea contains (rods/cones) only |
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Definition
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Term
| A depression in the retina where light can reach the photoreceptors and is located in the center of the macula: |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
The fovea is where the optic nerve leaves the eye and creates a "blind spot" |
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Definition
FALSE
the optic disk is this |
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Term
T/F
The epithelium in the retina is pigmented to help reduce reflections of light into the eye |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
Cones have a suppressive effect of rods |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 characteristics of rods: |
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Definition
1. high sensitivity
2. night vision
3. low acuity
4. vision in shades of grey |
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Term
| 4 characteristics of cones: |
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Definition
2. low sensitivity
3. day vision
3. high acuity
4. vision in color |
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Term
| Function of the dorsal stream of the occipital lobe |
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Definition
| Helps brain determine WHERE something is |
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Term
| Function of the ventral stream |
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Definition
| Identifies WHAT something is |
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Term
| A photopigment for color vision: |
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Definition
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Term
| The name of the photo pigment in eye ganglion cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
When moving from dark to light
A 60 sec transition from rod function to cone function |
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Term
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Definition
When moving from light to dark
A 60 sec transition for cones to be suppressed |
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Term
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Definition
Falling phase
Changing the RMP to a more negative value |
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Term
| Na+/K+ pump. What goes in and what goes out? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Used in voluntary motor systems in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
used in frontal lobes
used in short term memory |
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Term
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Definition
Associated with cognitive and emotional functions.
associated with Schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with attention and impulse control |
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Term
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Definition
| Associated with long term memory |
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Term
| Norepinephrine Receptor: Alpha 1 |
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Definition
Found in periphery of body (smooth muscles around BV)
stimulate smooth muscles to contract |
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Term
| Norepinephrine receptor Beta 1 |
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Definition
Found in cardiac muscle
Increase HR and force of contraction |
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Term
| Norepinephrine receptor Beta 2 |
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Definition
Found in respiratory system in smooth muscles in BV and airway (trachea).
causes smooth muscle to dilate |
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Term
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Definition
| Associated with mood, hunger, sleep |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| associated with aggression and fear |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Neither motor nor sensory
Complex mental activity is here |
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Term
| PTO of association cortex |
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Definition
Parieto-temporo-occipital
where we integrate information about touch, hearing, vision in order to produce complex perception of environment
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Term
| PFC of association cortex |
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Definition
Pre-frontal cortex
elaboration of thought, complex thinking
decision making and problem solving |
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Term
Limbic portion of association cortex
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Definition
| reacting and feeling part of the brain (emotions) |
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Term
| I,II,III layers of cerebral cortex |
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Definition
consciousness and type of thinking takes place
communicates with only I,II,III regions of cerebral cortex |
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Term
| Layer IV of cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| receives sensory input from the thalamus |
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Term
| Layers V, VI of cerebral cortex |
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Definition
output layer
sending signals to the brainstem and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
Right side responsible for pleasure and euphoria
Left side responsible for fear and anger |
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Term
| 2 functions of cingulate gyrus |
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Definition
involved with impulse control
recall of episodic memory |
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Term
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Definition
| forming and recalling long term memory |
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Term
| What type of stem cells does the CNS come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of stem cells does the PNS come from? |
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Definition
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