Term
(Kholbergs Stages of Moral Development)
Preconventional |
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Definition
| morality is externally controlled. Children accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences. Behaviors that result in punishment are viewed as bad, those that lead to rewards as good |
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Term
(Kholbergs Stages of Moral Development)
Stage 1 |
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Definition
| The punishment and obedience orientation – children find it difficult to consider two points of view in a moral dilemma. So they overlook people’s intentions, instead they focus on fear of authority and avoidance of punishment as reasons for moral behavior. |
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Term
(Kholbergs Stages of Moral Development)
Stage 2 |
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Definition
| The instrumental purpose orientation – children realize that people can have different perspectives in a moral dilemma, but at first this understanding is concrete. They view right action as flowing from self-interest and understand reciprocity as equal exchange of favors: “you do this for me, and I’ll do that for you.” |
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Term
(Kholbergs Stages of Moral Development)
Stage 3 |
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Definition
| individuals continue to regard conformity to social rules as important, but not for reasons of self-interest. Rather they believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive human relationships and societal order. |
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Term
(Kholbergs Stages of Moral Development)
Stage 4 |
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Definition
| The social-order-maintaining orientation – The individual takes into account the larger perspective of societal laws. Rules must be enforced in the same evenhanded fashion for everyone and each member of society has a personal duty to uphold them. Laws should be obeyed because they are vital for ensuring societal order and cooperation between individuals. |
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Term
(Kholbergs Stages of Moral Development)
Postconventional |
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Definition
| Move beyond questioning support for the rules and laws of their own society. They define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies. |
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Term
(Kholbergs Stages of Moral Development)
Stage 5 |
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Definition
| he Social-contract orientation – Law and rules are flexible for furthering human purposes. They can imagine alternatives to their own social order and emphasize fair procedures for interpreting and changing laws. Social contract orientation – free and willing participation in the system because it brings about more good for people than if it did not exist. |
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Term
(Kholbergs Stages of Moral Development)
Stage 6 |
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Definition
| The universal ethical principle orientation – Right action is defined by self-chosen ethical principles of conscience that are valid for all humanity, regardless of law and social agreement. They mention such abstract principles as equal consideration of the claims of all human beings and respect for the worth and dignity of each person. |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs about how to divide material goods fairly(508) |
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Term
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Definition
| *ideal reciprocity?- the idea expressed in the Golden Rule: “Do onto others as you would have them do unto you”(492) |
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Term
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Definition
| customs, such as table manners and rituals of social interaction, that are determined solely by consensus; distinguished from moral imperatives (which protect people’s rights and welfare) and matters of personal choice (506) |
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Term
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Definition
| “protect people’s rights and welfare” |
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Term
| Matters of personal choice |
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Definition
ndividual choices that “do not violate rights”
3 to 4-year-olds: |
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Term
| Proactive (instrumental) aggression |
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Definition
| A child acts to fulfill a need or desire – obtain an object, privilege, space, or social reward such as adult attention of peer admiration – and unemotionally attack a person to achieve their goal. |
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Term
| Reactive (hostile) aggression |
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Definition
| is an angry defensive response to a provocation or a blocked goal and is meant to hurt another person. |
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Term
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Definition
| harms others through physical injury – pushing, hitting, kicking, or punching others, or destroying another’s property |
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Term
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Definition
| Damages another’s peer relationships through social exclusion, malicious gossip, or friendship manipulation. |
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