1. Genus- noun usually in Latin or Greek

2. Species- adjective

Order "-ales"

Famile -"aceae"

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Animalia

Plantae

Fungi

Protista

Multicellular

no cell wall

chemoheterotrophic

Multicellular

photoautotrophic

cellulose cell walls

Chemoheterotrophic

Unicellular or Multicellular

Chitin cell wall

Develop from spores or hyphal fragments

1. Morphological Characterists

2. Biochemical tests

3. Differental Staining

4. Serology

5. Phage typing

6. Fatty Acid Profiles

Calculate % similarity in nucleotides bases between each species

length of horizontal lines corresponds to % similarity value

Each point or node represents an ancestor common to all species

flourscent

Synthesize ez for large # of substrate

Polar flagella

Enterobacteriales

(enterics)

Enterobacter

Escherichia

Klebsiella

Proteus

Salmonella

Serratia

Shigella

Yersinia

peritrichous flagella

most common cause of peptic ulcers and stomach cancer

Axial filament ( no flagella)

Motile

Gram negative

Nonmotile

once classified with Riskettsia

Elemental body as infective agent

Clostridiales

(Clostridium)

Endospore-producing

Gram positive

Endospore forming rod

Obligate anaerobes

endospore forming rods and cocci

Bacillus

Staphylococcus

Lactobacillales

Mycoplamatales

Mycoplasms

No cell wall

pleomorphic very small (5%bacillus)

pass thru filters

first thought to be a virus

smallest replicating organism capable of cell free existence

single cell fungi

Saccharomyces cervisiae (brewer's yeast)

Candidiasis- Candida albicans

Sporangiaspore- Rhizopus

Conidiospore- Pencillium, Arthroconidia, Blastocondidia, Chlamydospore

1. Zygomycota- conjugation fungi

Rhizopus & Zygospore

2. Ascomycota- fungi sac

sexual spore is "ascospore" produced in sac Pencillium

3. Basidiomycota- club fungus or mushrooms

septate hyphae, base pedestal called basidium, produce basidiospores

Cutaneous Mycoses

Opportunistic Mycoses

Ringworm of the scalp

(Tinea capitus)

Pneumocystis jiroveci- found in human lungs

Pneumonia occurs in infants and immunosuppressed individuals (AIDS)

red algae is toxic to humans

Dinoflagellates

Some produce neurotoxin, etaen by mollusks, then eaten by humans

Alexandrium responsible for "red tide"; toxic

Diatoms- toxic

Algae

Protozoa

Slime Molds

Eukaryotic

Unicellular

Chemoheterotrophs

Asexual reproduction is fission, budding or schizogony

Sexual reproduction is conjugation

SOme produce cysts

amoebal and fungal characteristics

Amoebozoa

2 types

1. Cellular Slime Molds

Resemble amoebas

Ingest bacteria by phagocytosis

Cells aggregate into stalked fruiting body

Some have spores

2. Plasmodial Slime Molds

Multinucleated large cells

Cytoplasm separates into stalked sporangia

Nuclei undergo meiosis and form uninucleate haploid spores

Parastic Worms

usually transmitted to humans by gastrointestinal route

Eukaryotic

Multicellular animals

Chemoheterotrophic

Not all parasitic

Flatworms

Class: Trematodes (flukes)

Class: Cestodes (tapeworms)

Hermaphroditic- have both sex organs

Dioecious- male in one, female separate

Life stages: Cercariae, Metacercaria, and Rediae

Tapeworm

Cysticercus is encysted larve of beef tapeworm

Kingdom: Aminalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta (6legs)

Class: Arachnida (8 legs)

Lice

Fleas

Mosquitos- malaria(vacciante) & Encephalitis

Mites

Ticks- Rocky Mtn Spotted Fever & lyme diease

Lichens= algae + fungus

Cannot live with each other

The algae provides carbs thru photosynthesis

Fungus provides holdfast or support

Lichens live symbiotically

Lichens are important in production of soil

DNA or RNA (not both)

Protein coat

Enclosed by envelope

spikes

Most viruses infect only specific types of cells in one host

Host range is determined by specific host attachment site and cellular factors

Virus has DNA or RNA, not both

NA can be linear, circular, or segmental

Capsid- protein coat of caposmeres

Size- # of capsommeres

Classified by differences in coats

Helical

Polyhedral

Enveloped

Nonenveloped

Complex Viruses- Bacteriophage

has to be on living cells

1. Lab animals- bact

2. Bacteriophage cheaper to study with Plaque Method

3. Embryonic Eggs

4. Cell culture

CELL CULTURE GROWS BACTERIA

NOT VIRUSES

DNA viruses

Retrovirus (dsRNA that reverse transcribes DNA)

virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for long period

Cold sores, shingles

Disease processes occurs over a long period; generally is fatal.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis SSE (measles virus)