Term
| The negative and positive side of a cell are separated, this is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The difference between the positive side and the negative side of a cell is call? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Charge separation on a call is done by the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major protien inside the cell that carries the negative charge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The charge difference between the outside and inside of a cell at rest is called the? |
|
Definition
| Resting membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| Why does Potassium leak out of the cell and Sodium leak into the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of active transport is the sodium/potasium pump? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Counter-Transport of muscle cells moves _____ sodium ions and _____ Potassium ions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell not being stimulated and is at -70mv |
|
|
Term
| What type of cells are electrically excitable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines how much permeability to ions a cell has? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Weak stimuli will give rise to _______ potential. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another phrase for local potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of stimuli are long duration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Durring Action potential the cell becomes more permeable to _______ first, then ______ second. |
|
Definition
| Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+) |
|
|
Term
| strong stimuli causes depolarization to -55mv, this voltage is called the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What brings the cell back to the resting potential after hyperpolarization? |
|
Definition
| The sodium-potassium pump |
|
|
Term
| At what voltage do the sodium gates close and the potassium gates open? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of stimuli is required to produce an action potential durring the relative refractory period. |
|
Definition
| Stronger stimuli then the original stimuli. |
|
|
Term
| At what voltage do the sodium channels open? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 4 functions of muscles. |
|
Definition
| Movement, Heat production, maintain posture, guards body organs not protected by bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrous connective tissue wrapped around the outside of a muscle |
|
|
Term
| A fascicle is wrapped by the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many fascicles are wrapped by the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A myofibril contains what two proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the components of the Actin Protein. |
|
Definition
| Troponin complex, Tropomyosin, F-Actin |
|
|
Term
| What are the three things the troponin molecules have an affinity for. |
|
Definition
| Calcium, Tropomyacin, G-actin |
|
|
Term
| When the myosin head attaches to the actin, this is called _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At full muscle contraction, what part of the sarcomere is gone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To relax a muscle, what has to happen? |
|
Definition
| Calcium is pumped back into the terminal cisterna |
|
|
Term
| When does Rigor mortis begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the steps of rigor mortis? |
|
Definition
| Death, no further ATP production, Calcium leaks out of terminal systerna, muscle contraction occurs, No ATP to release |
|
|
Term
| A chemical that causes and action potential on a cell membrane is called a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The axon and all the muscle cells that it attaches to is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the individual muscle rule? |
|
Definition
| All or none, motor unit is either fully contracted or not at all |
|
|
Term
| Everything up the myosin head piviting is called the ________ phase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many motor units are contracted. |
|
|
Term
| In multiple wave stimulation what causes higher and higher tension? |
|
Definition
| Faster and faster frequency |
|
|
Term
| why can't complete tetany be sustained? |
|
Definition
| unavailability of ATP (fatigue) |
|
|
Term
| When does the insertion point of a muscle move? |
|
Definition
| When the muscle contracts |
|
|
Term
| What are the two ways the amount of muscle tension is controlled? |
|
Definition
| Multiple motor sumation, multiple wave stimulation |
|
|
Term
| A warmup phenomenon of muscles is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do muscles loose tone? |
|
Definition
| When then nerve is severed. |
|
|
Term
| ________________ means no change in muscle length when it is contracted. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the energy stored as when ATP is broken down to ADP for energy storage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is Creatin Phosphate broken down by the muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slow twitch fibers are more _________________ and can maintain thier contraction _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are slow twitch muscles redder or whiter than fast twitch muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 functions of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Maintain homeostasis, Monitor internal and external sensory input |
|
|
Term
| What two systems maintain homeostasis? |
|
Definition
| nervous system and endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| What are groups of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are groups of nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| conscious control of muscles is called _____________ system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dendtrites direct information ___________________ the cell body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of a dendrite is the dentritic spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The attachment part of the Axon to the nerve cell body. |
|
|
Term
| what directs information toward the nerve cell body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A terminal bouton is also called? |
|
Definition
| synaptic bulb or axon terminals |
|
|
Term
| A dendrite can recieve an action potential from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can an axon synapse with an axon of another neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unipolar neurons are used for what type of information? |
|
Definition
| Sensory (heat, cold, touch) |
|
|
Term
| What type of cell produces Cerebral spinal fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cell holds up an holds axons and blood vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells are the phagocytes of the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells form the myelin sheath in the PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two functions of the myelin sheath? |
|
Definition
| Increases the speed (150x), insulates axons from axons |
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitters are released by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What breaks down acetycholin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of Actin is not present in smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In smooth muscle, contraction is initiated by? |
|
Definition
| calcium activated phosphorylation of myosin |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of smooth muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
| rapidly cycling crossbridges form between activated actin and phosphorylated myosin |
|
|
Term
| What is a neuromodulator? |
|
Definition
| Substance that influences the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
| What does a neurmodulator influence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Something that causes pre synaptic facilitation and pre synaptic inhabition is called a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the central nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Brain, Spinal Cord, Neuclei |
|
|
Term
| What are the lobes of the cerebrum? |
|
Definition
| Frontal, Parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital |
|
|
Term
| What are three types of structures of the cerebrum? |
|
Definition
| fold (gyrus), groove (sulcus), Fissure |
|
|
Term
| A very deep groove in the cerebrum is called a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lateral Sulcus seperates? |
|
Definition
| The temporal from parietal, frontal |
|
|
Term
| the Central sulcus connects? |
|
Definition
| Longitudinal fissure to lateral sulcus (frontal/parietal) |
|
|
Term
| What term describes the warm up of terminal cisternae to release full calcium levels and for that calscium to spread out in the muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreased muscle tone that can lead to decreased muscle cell size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The growth of muscle size from use due to more myofibrals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The breakdown of ATP into ADP and the storage of that energy as Creatin Phosphate |
|
|
Term
| When is creatin phosphate broken down to convert ADP to ATP to use the stored energy? |
|
Definition
| Durring peak activity (aerobic activity) |
|
|
Term
| Name two differences between fast twitch and slow twitch muscles. |
|
Definition
| Contraction speed, slow twitch is more aerobic and fast is more anaerobic |
|
|
Term
| When you strengthen muscles and they become more effective oxygen users, this is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are slow twitch muscles redder than fast twitch? |
|
Definition
| Myoglobin helping to store oxygen in muscle |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal muscles are somatic, while cardiac, smooth muscle and glands are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurons cannot divide because they have no? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between Neuclei and Ganglia? |
|
Definition
| Neuclei are in the CNS and Ganglia are in the PNS |
|
|
Term
| Which way do dendrites direct information? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What functional classification of neuron has no myelin sheath? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neuron helper cell provides structure to the axons and blood vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of helper cell makes myelin sheaths in the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of helper cell makes myelin sheaths in the PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cell makes a "jelly roll" around the axon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two functions of a neuromodulator? |
|
Definition
| Influence speed, and sensitivity |
|
|
Term
| Name the six lobes of the cerebrum. |
|
Definition
| Frontal, L&R parietal, L&R temporal, occipital |
|
|
Term
| A fold in the cerebrum is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sulcus separates the temporal lobe from the parietal, frontal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sulcus divides the frontal and parietal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A deep groove ,in the brain is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is our conscious mind located in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the cerebral cortex is gray matter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain is associated with motivation, mood, emotional control, and behavior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the pre-motor area of the brain located? |
|
Definition
| just anterior to the precentral gyrus |
|
|
Term
| The precentral gyrus area performs what functions? |
|
Definition
| controls voluntary movement especially fine motor control |
|
|
Term
| The primary sensory are part of the cerebrl cortex is located in what area of the brain? |
|
Definition
| Post central gyrus of the parietal lobe, Just posterior to the central sulcus |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain analyses sensory input with past exerience? |
|
Definition
| Sensory association area, posterior to the post central gyrus |
|
|
Term
| The cerebral medulla is mainly what type of brain matter? Why? |
|
Definition
| White matter, myolenated axons for rapid information movement. |
|
|
Term
| If a person's wernicke's area was damaged, what would be effected? |
|
Definition
| The ability to understand speech. |
|
|
Term
| The Diencephalon consists of what structures? |
|
Definition
| Thalamus, Epithalamus, Hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| The Thalamus is described as? |
|
Definition
| Two egg shaped structures connected by the intermediate mass |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain routes sensory information to the proper areas of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The #1 regulator of the sleep/wake cycle is the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pineal body is on what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the Diencephalon plays a roll in puberty? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gland is the #2 regulator of the sleep/wake cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gland sits in the sella tercica? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gland is refered to as the "master endocrine gland"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the smallest part of the brainstem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Visual reflexes are controlled by? |
|
Definition
| 2 superior colliculus of the Corpora quadrigemini |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 Terminal cisternae and a t-tubule (where they all connect) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts of a muscle fascicle? |
|
Definition
| The perimycium and the Endomycium |
|
|
Term
| Neuroglia are also called? |
|
Definition
| Glial cells (helper cells) |
|
|
Term
| Name the four parts of the brain that control the sleep-wake cycle, in order of importance. |
|
Definition
| Epithalamus(Pineal), Pituitary(hypothalamus), Pons, Reticular formation |
|
|
Term
| Sternocleidomastoid Origin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sternocleidomastoid Insertion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sternocleidomastoid Action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rectus abdominus insertion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| External oblique Origin? Insertion? |
|
Definition
| Ribs 5-12, Linea Alba and iliac crest |
|
|
Term
| Internal oblique origin? Insertion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flexes and rotates vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| Transverse abdominus origin? Insertion? |
|
Definition
| Ribs 7-12 and iliac crest, Inserts at Linea Alba and pubis |
|
|
Term
| Transverse abdominus action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Levator scapulae origin? insertion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trapezius origin? insertion? |
|
Definition
| Occipital bone and C7-12, insertion clavicle and scapula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extend head and neck, elevate and depress scapula |
|
|
Term
| Deltoid origin, insertion? |
|
Definition
| Origin Clavicle and scapula, insertion deltoid tuberosity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Latissimus dorsi origin? Insertion? |
|
Definition
| Origin T7-L5, sacrum and iliac crest, Ins Humerus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adducts and extends shoulder |
|
|
Term
| Serratus anterior origin? Insertion? |
|
Definition
| Origin Ribs 1-9, Insertion Scapula |
|
|
Term
| Serratus anterior action? |
|
Definition
| fixes scapula, elevates ribs |
|
|
Term
| Pectoralis Major Origin ? Insertion? |
|
Definition
| Origin Calvicle, sternum and ribs 1-7, Insertion Humerus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adducts and flexes shoulder |
|
|
Term
| Pectoralis MINOR origin? Insertion? |
|
Definition
| Origin ribs 3-5, Insertion coracoid of scapula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depress scapula, elevate ribs |
|
|
Term
| Biceps Brachii origin? Insertion? |
|
Definition
| Origin scapula, Insertion Radial tuberosity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flexes elbow and shoulder |
|
|
Term
| Brachialis origin? Insertion? |
|
Definition
| Origin Humerus, Insertion Ulna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triceps Brachii long head |
|
Definition
| Origin scapula, Insertion olecranon process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Origin humerus, Insertion olecranon process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Origin humerus, Insertion olecranan process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extends elbow (all of them) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Origin ilium, sacrum and coccyx, Insertion femur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Origin ilium, Insertion greater trochanter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Origin ilium, insertion lateral thigh fascia(iliotibial band) |
|
|
Term
| Tensor fasciae latae action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Origin Asis, Insertion Tibial tuberosity, patella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis and vastus intermedius? |
|
Definition
| Origin Femur, Insertion Tibial tuberosity and patella |
|
|
Term
| Vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius Action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adductor Brevis and Adductor longus? |
|
Definition
| Origin Pubis, Insertion Femur |
|
|
Term
| Adductor Brevis and Adductor Longus action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Origin ischium, Insertion Femur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Origin Asis, Insertion tibial tuberosity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flexes knee, flexes and rotates hip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Origin pubis, Insertion Tibia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Origin ischial tuberosity, linea aspera, Insertion head of fibula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Semimembranosus and Semitendenosis? |
|
Definition
| Origin Ischial tuberosity, Insertion Tibia |
|
|
Term
| Semimembranosus and semitendenosis action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Origin tibia, insertion metatarsal |
|
|
Term
| Tibialis anterior action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Origin Femur, Insertion Achilles Tendon to Tarsal (calcaneus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plantar flexes ankle, flexes knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Origin Fibula and Tibia, Insertion Achilles Tendon to tarsal (calcaneus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
