Term
| NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION (NPP) |
|
Definition
•Not all of the production from GPP is stored as organic material in the growing plants
–
•NPP is equal to GPP minus the energy used by the primary producers for respiration
•Only NPP is available to consumers
•NPP = GPP – R (R= Respiration)
•GPP, NPP, R, Decomposition-Main measures of Carbon cycling
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Different ecosystems vary considerably in their net primary production and in their contribution to the total NPP on Earth
•Overall, terrestrial ecosystems contribute about two-thirds of global NPP and marine ecosystems about one-third
|
|
|
Term
| why study carbon cycling? |
|
Definition
| Because ecosystems regulate carbon cycling (and thus CO2) we need to understand how they will behave under climate change and elevated carbon dioxide concentrations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the warming of Earth due to the atmospheric accumulation of carbon diozide and certain other gases,
- which absorb reflected infrared radiation andn reradiate some of it back toward earth
|
|
|
Term
| Measured Temperature change- global increase of _____ predicted by end of this century |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- we need to understand how much and what regulates the amount stored
- The terrestrial biosphere contains largest biological reservoir of carbon. There is as much C in terrestrial vegetation as in the atmosphere and twice as much C in soils as in the atmosphere.
- “Over the course of this century, net carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems is likely to peak before mid-century and then weaken or even reverse.” – IPCC 4AR
|
|
|
Term
Indicators:
of carbon/ temp change |
|
Definition
•26. Washington, D.C. -- Cherry trees blossoming earlier.
•28. California -- Butterfly range shift.
•31. Olympic Mountains, Washington -- Forest invasion of alpine meadow.
•33. Alaska -- Sea bird population decline.
•34. Canadian Arctic -- Caribou die-offs.
•35. Monterey Bay , California -- Shoreline sea life shifting northwards.
•36. Monteverde Cloud Forest, Costa Rica -- Disappearing frogs and toads.
•38. U.S. West Coast -- Sea bird population decline. 39. Chesapeake Bay -- Marsh and island loss.
•40. Bermuda -- Dying mangroves.
•46. Pacific Ocean, Mexico -- Coral reef bleaching.
|
|
|
Term
Species decline:
carbon/ temp |
|
Definition
“Approximately 20 to 30% of plant and animal species assessed so far are likely to be at increased risk of extinction if in increases in global average temperature exceed 1.5 to 2.5 C”
|
|
|
Term
Consequences:
increase carbon/ temp change |
|
Definition
-diesease
-species decline
-sea level rise & ecosystem collaspe
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vulcan project- real time CO2 emissions can be measured (and thus decreased) |
|
|
Term
| Copenhagen climate conference December 2009 |
|
Definition
•Nations met to discuss global mitigation of climate change
•Outcomes of the meeting
–Copenhagen accord "recognizes" the scientific case for keeping temperature rises to no more than 2°C but does not contain commitments to emissions reductions to achieve that goal.
–One achievement- plan to have developed countries paying developing countries to reduce emissions from deforestation (20% of all emissions globally)
–
|
|
|
Term
| what we can do now: global climate change |
|
Definition
Solutions at the global level will likely be diverse
•e.g. different alternative energy sources for different parts of the country
What can we do individually?
1. Conserve energy in our homes- compact fluorescent light bulbs, efficient appliances, insulate
2. Reduce travel, air and ground (public transport)
3. Drive fuel efficient cars
4. Offset emissions
5. Buy local products
6. Eat lower on the food chain
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The study of animal form is anatomy.
The study of the biological functions of an organism is physiology.
Clearly these two are related.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Maintenance of the status quo or
•The steady-state physiological condition of the body.
|
|
|
Term
| Two ways for animals to face environmental fluctuation |
|
Definition
•Regulator – can maintain body conditions within a certain range when faced with environmental variation
•Conformer – conditions in the body change with changes in the environment
|
|
|
Term
| what types of things must animals do to survive? |
|
Definition
•Respiratory exchange or gas exchange serving all cells in the body
•Oxygen in carbon dioxide out
•Obtaining of nutrients, processing and distributing them to all cells of the body
•Energy and building blocks for synthesis
•Metabolism at the level of cells and tissues
•Carbon dioxide production and oxygen consumption
•Excretion of nitrogenous waste produced in metabolism – urea, ammonia, uric acid
•Removal of solid waste – feces formation and defecation
•Water balance with the environment – osmolarity of body fluids
•Maintenance of intracellular and intercellular fluids within a specified range of pH and ionic levels
•Avoid or fight infection or invasion by non-self (preventing tumors and cancer also)
•Reproduce successfully either as an individual or part of a group
•Development from zygote to adult –growth and differentiation
•Coordinate activities of various cells, tissues, organs and organ systems within the organism
•Nervous and hormonal control
•Mechanisms of movement and coordination in the environment
•Muscle and nervous system working in conjunction
•Work in conjunction with skeletal system
•Hydrostatic
•External or internal hard skeleton
•Sensory perception both external and internal
•Communication with other organisms of the same or other species
•Pheromones
•Behavioral cues – visual, auditory etc
|
|
|
Term
| Restrictions on body form |
|
Definition
Restrictions on body form = Surface area to volume is a limiting factor
No amebas the size of a VW bug
SURFACE ARE TO VOLUME AND EXCHANGE WITH THE ENVIRONMENT
Larger is not better or even possible in all cases
Mechanisms for increasing surface area become necessary as size and complexity increase
|
|
|
Term
Exchange wit the Environment:
amoebas VS hydras |
|
Definition
Both are examples of simple organization: more complex organization than this requires modification to increase surface area. Diffusion isn’t sufficient!
Amoebas:
-single cell
-the entire surface area contacts the environment
Hydra:
-two layers of cells
-as fluid moves in and out of the hydra’s mouth, every body cell can exchange material directly with the aqueous environment
-(EX of how some have a simple organization in which all or nearly all cells contact the environment)
The rates of exchange for nutrients, waste products, and gases are proportional to membrane surface area. In contrast, the amount of material that must be exchanged to sustain life is proportional to volume |
|
|
Term
Larger, more complex organisms
--> mechanisms to.. |
|
Definition
•Have mechanisms to increase surface area to volume ratios for gas exchange, nutrient absorption, etc.
•Have mechanisms for circulating substances or distribution to cells of the body
|
|
|
Term
| Internal Exchange Surfaces of Complex Animals |
|
Definition
- -most animals have surfaces that are specialised for exchanging chemicals with the surroundings
- -these exchange surfaces are usuall internal but are connected to the environment via opening on the baody surface (the mouth, fo EX)
- -the exchange surfaces are finiely branched or folded, giving them a very large rea
- ---> the digestive, respiratory, and excretory systems all have such exchange surfaces
- ---> the ciculatory system carries chemicals tranported across these surfaces thoughout the body
|
|
|
Term
| Processes requiring increased surface area: |
|
Definition
- -animals have outer surfaces that are relatively small compared with their volumes.
- as cell number increases, the ratio of the outer surface area of the animal to its total volume steadily decreases
- -DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: the lining of the small intestine, a digestive organ, has finger-like prjections that expand the surface area fo nutrient absorption
- -EXCRETORY SYSTEM: inside a kidy is a mass of microsopic tubules that exchange chemicals iwht blood flodiwng though a web of tiny vessels called capillaries
- -RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: a microscopic view of the lung reveals that it is much more sponge-like than balloon-like. This construction provides an expansive wet surface for gas exchange with the environment
- -CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: carries chemicals transported across these surface thoughout the body
|
|
|
Term
| Levels of organization in animals |
|
Definition
•Subatomic
•Atomic and molecular
•Organelles
•Cells
•Tissues
•Organs
•Organ systems
•Organisms
•Populations
•Communities
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure or both
•My simple definition – a group of similar cells working together to perform a common function
|
|
|
Term
| Tissue types seen in animals |
|
Definition
•Epithelial tissues
•Connective tissues
•Muscle tissues
•Nervous tissues
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
with dice-shaped cells specialized for secretion, makes up the epithelium of kidney tubules and many glands, including the thyroid gland and salivary glands
PIC
-furthest back, in small kidney |
|
|
Term
| simple columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
line the intestines
this epithelum secretes digestive juices and absorbs nutrients
PIC
-intestines (large squiggalies) |
|
|
Term
| psudostrified ciliated columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
-forms a mucous membran that lines portion of the respiratory tract (<--remeber nose and noes have hairs) of many vertebrates
-the beating cilia move the film of mucus along the surface
PIC
- in the trachea?
- (breathing tube, next to esophogus)
-^it leads to the lines (veins looking thing) in lungs |
|
|
Term
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
- regemerates rapidly by cell division near the basal laminia
- the new cells are pushed outward, replacing cells that are sloughed off.
- this epithelium is commonly found on surfaces subject to abrasion, such as the outer skin and linings of the esophagus, anus, and vagina
- (remember= thick and dry= found where its wet)
PIC
-esophogus |
|
|
Term
| simple squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
-thin and leaky
-functions in the exchange of material by diffusion
-lines blood vessels and air sacs of the lungs, where diffusion of nutrients and gases is critical
PIC
-lung
-(where the trachea-veins/lines ends up) |
|
|
Term
| epithelia and its "sides" |
|
Definition
-epithelia are polarized, meaning that hey have 2 different sides
- 1. apical surface= faces the lumen (cavity) or outside of the organ and is therefore exposed to fluid or air
- 2. basal surface= is attached to a basal lamina, a dense mat of extracellular matrix, which separates the epithelium from the underlying tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-most widespread
-collagenous, elastic, and ticular figber in this tissue type bind epithelia to underlying tissues and hold organs in place
PIC
-space btwn fiberous (dense) tissue and the bone |
|
|
Term
| fibrous connective tissue |
|
Definition
-dense with collagenous fibers
-teh fibers form parallel bundles, which mazimixe nonelastic strength
-found in tendons, which attach musbles to bones, and in ligments, which connect bones at joints
-AKA dense tissue
-only verticle
PIC
(at tendon connected to the bone where the knee is)
-longish// straightish looking muscle thing (where it is) attached to bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-mineralized connective tissue
-osteblasts= bone forming cells, they deposit a matrix of collagen
-the microscopic structure of hard mammalian bone consits of repeating units called osteons
-each osteon has concentric layers of the mineralized matrix, which are depsited around a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-connective tissue
-has an abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in a rubery matrix made of protein-carbohydrate complex called chondroitin sulfate
-cells called chondrocytes secrete the collagen and chondrotin sulfate that make cartilage a strong yet fexible support material
-found in embroyos before it matures to bone
-found in the disks that acts as cushions between bertebrae
PIC
-in btwn bones, white-sih outline inbetween the 2 spotty bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-connective tissue
-functions differently from other connective tissues, has a liquid extracellular matriz called plasma
-plasma contains erthorcyetes (red blood cells), leukocytes (hite blood cells), and cell fragments called platelets
-Eryothrocytes carry oxygen
-leukocytes function in defense
-platelets aid blood in clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ADIOPOSE TISSUE (connective tissue)
-each adipose cell contains a large fat droplet that swells when fat is stored and shrinks when the body uses that far as fuel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-voluntary movements
-consits of bundles of long cells called muscle fibers
-arrangement of contractile units along the length of the fibers gives the cells a striped (straited) appearance
-aka "staited muscle"
-animals have a fixed number of muscle cells; bulding muscle does not increase the number of cells but rather enlarges those already present
PIC
-found muscle around the butt
-horizontal disks = multiple nuclei
-long white lines = muscle fibers
-verticle "stripes/ straits"= sacromere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fomrs the contractile wall of the heart
-strated (like skeletal muscle)
-unlike skeletal muscle, it is an unconscienous act
-cardia muscle fibers bran and interconnect via intercalated disks, which relay signals from cell to cell and help sychrnoize the heartbeat
PIC
-looks like spaces branches
-thin ovals= nucleus
-verical looking "commas"= intercalacted disk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-names "smooth" because it lacks straitions
-found in the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, and other internal organs
-responcible for involuntary body activities, such as churning of the stomach or constictioin of arteries
PIC
-at the large intestines
-fibers look very dense and sqaushed together
-purple disks= nucleus
-muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-nerve cells aka NERONS
-consits of a cell body and two or more extentions called dendrites and axons
-dendrites transmit signals from their timps toward the rest of the neuron
-axons= often bundled together into nerves, transmit signals tward another neuron or toward an effect, a structure such as a muscle cell that carries out a body repsonse
-the supporting glial cell help nerons function properly
PIC
-dendrites = up top (looks like electicuted hair, which shows that a person touched something "dangerous")
-cell body = center where dendrites sproute from
-axon = thick "trunk" under the cell body
-glial cells= thinner than axons that intertwine with axons and blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•A group of tissues working together to perform a common function
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Flow of energy through an animal
•Ultimately need ATP to supply energy
•The flow of energy through an animal, taking into account the energy stored in the food it consumes, the energy used for basic functions, activity, growth, reproduction, and regulation, and the energy lost to the environment as heat or waste. (text definition)
|
|
|
Term
| Thermoregulation as an example |
|
Definition
•Endothermic – is a term referring to organisms with bodies that are warmed by heat generated by metabolism. Such an organism is referred to as an endotherm
•Ectothermic – is a term referring to organisms that do not produce enough metabolic heat to have much effect on body temperature. Such an organisms is an ectotherm.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Poikilotherm or heterotherm – potentially fluctuating body temperature
•Homeotherm – relatively constant body temperature
|
|
|
Term
| Activity and metabolic rate |
|
Definition
•Endotherm at rest at a “normal” temperature with an empty stomach (fasting) and no stress – Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
•Ectotherm – contstant temperature, at rest, fasting – Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Metabolic rate – measured in kilocalories
•Calorimeter – a device used to measure heat produced when something is burned
•Oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production can be used to determine the rate
•Food consumption
•Feces and urine output and heat loss
|
|
|
Term
| Bioenergetic Strategies illustrating conformers vs. regulators |
|
Definition
•Ectotherm
•Endotherm
•An interesting point – for every 10C decrease in temperature the rates of most enzyme-mediated reactions decrease two to three-fold.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rely a lot on behavioral patterns to regulate temperature
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Conduction
•Convection
•Radiation
•Evaporation
•Remember heat transfer is from high to low
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Ectotherm vs. endotherm
•Large vs. small endotherm
ONE THE OTHER HAND....
•Smaller organisms have a greater energy demand per kilogram than do larger ones
•Animals that regulate their temperature by behavior rather than through metabolic means consume less energy per kilogram than their counterparts who regulate metabolically
|
|
|
Term
| Body size and metabolic rate |
|
Definition
•Inverse relationship
•Mouse vs. elephant on a kilogram basis the mouse uses more per unit time
•Interestingly your book says that ectotherms show a similar pattern
|
|
|
Term
| The nature of an organism relates to bioenergetics |
|
Definition
•Large organisms consume more total energy than small ones over a given period
•Those with more constant body temperature determined by metabolism (endotherms) consume more total energy than a similar sized animal that does not do this (ectotherms)
|
|
|
Term
| Energy consumption and activities |
|
Definition
•Reproduction – producing gametes and nourishing the young requires energy.
•Growth requires energy.
•Maintenance of body requires energy.
–Cellular replacement
•Activity requires energy.
•Excretion requires energy
|
|
|
Term
| negative feedback often involves |
|
Definition
•Negative feedback – often involved in the regulation of homeostasis
|
|
|
Term
| Some ways of dealing with heat balance issues |
|
Definition
•Insulation – prevents or slows down loss to the environment (hair, feathers, fat)
•Circulatory adaptations
–Countercurrent heat exchanger
•Vasoconstriction and vasodilatation
•Evaporative heat loss by cooling
•Behavioral mechanisms
–Shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, brown fat in mammals
–Torpor, hibernation, sunning etc.
|
|
|
Term
| Some animals just cope with the help of adaptation |
|
Definition
“Antifreeze” in blood or tissues
–Snow fleas
–Antarctic fish
|
|
|
Term
| Some animals change with the times or conditions |
|
Definition
Acclimatization
–What happens to a dogs coat as the weather gets colder?
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All animals are heterotrophic even though some may have symbiotic algae
•Different modes of feeding
–Bulk feeding
–Suspension feeding and filter feeding
–Substrate feeding
–Fluid feeding
|
|
|
Term
4 Main Feeding Mechanism or Animals
EXAMPLES |
|
Definition
1.Suspension Feeder= many aquatic animals, like the humpback whale
-sift small food particles from the waters
-attached to the upper jaw of the humback whale are comb-like plates called baleen
-other examples are clams and oysters, which uses gills to trap food and cilia to sweep into their mouths
2.Substrate Feeders= leaf miner caterpillar that eat the leaf they are on
-animals that live in or on their food source
-maggots are another example
3.Fluid Feeders = mosquitos
-suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host
-another example is aphids that eat sap from plants
-in contrast to parasites, some fluid feeders actually benefit their host..EX humming birds
4.Bulk Feeders = python snakes
-eat relatively large pieceses of food
-their adoptions include: tentacles, pincers, claws, poisonous fangs, jaws, and teeth
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Herbivores ingest plant material
–Frugivores eat fruit
•Carnivores ingest animal material
–Insectivores are a sub-type
•Omnivores are able to eat plant material or animal material
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•An organic carbon source for synthesizing carbon containing molecules
•An organic nitrogen source – usually amino acids
•A sufficient source of energy for maintaining body functions, for growth and for reproduction
–Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (last resort)
•Essential nutrients
–Essential amino acids
–Essential fatty acids
–Vitamins
–Minerals
|
|
|
Term
| What happens if needs are not met or if they are exceeded? |
|
Definition
•Undernourished – not enough caloric intake to maintain the organism
–Anorexia nervosa
–Near starvation in famine
•Overnourished - obesity
•Malnourished – missing required nutrients in the diet
|
|
|
Term
| Differences in processing of food in different kinds of animals |
|
Definition
sponges digest particulate matter intracellularly
•Cnidarians also do a lot of digestion intracellularly, but combine this with some extracellular digestion in the gastrovascular cavity
•Flatworms exclusive of cestodes do both as well
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The complete digestive tract allows for regional specialization of the gut
•A full digestive tract from mouth to anus allows for specialized regions of the gut which carry out the processes we have seen in our cat
|
|
|
Term
| The basic components of your digestive tract |
|
Definition
•Mouth – teeth, tongue, salivary glands
–Initial processing of food and forming of bolus
–Salivary amylase begins carbohydrate digestion
•Pharynx and esophagus – swallowing and peristalsis
•Stomach – acid pH kills many bactera, some substances like alcohol absorbed, beginning process of digestion of proteins
•Small intestine – digestion of proteins, and carbohydrates and absorption of nutrients and fatty acids and monoglycerides
–Bile salts from the gall bladder empty in to emulsify fats
–Enzymes and bicarbonate empty in from pancreas
•Colon – reabsorption of water, bacteria produce vitamins, feces is formed
|
|
|
Term
| Digestive tract: Down it goes |
|
Definition
•Bolus of food is mixed with mucin
•Salivary amylase produced by salivary glands begins digesting starch
•Basic pH protects teeth from acid
•Antibacterial agents are produced
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Parietal cells release H+ and CL-
•Chief cells release pepsinogen
–With acid pepsin is produced
•Mucus cells produce mucus to protect the stomach lining
•A pH of about 2 is reached
–This kills many bacteria
|
|
|
Term
| Following chyme release from the stomach via the pyloric sphincter |
|
Definition
•Bile salts will be released from the gall bladder to emulsify fats
•Pancreas releases a battery of digestive enzymes
•Enteropeptidases on the intestinal epithelium convert inactive to active enzymes
|
|
|
Term
| Release of enzymes and activation |
|
Definition
•Trypsinogen from the pancreas must be activated to trypsin by enteropeptidases in the small intestine
•Other enzymes must also be activated
•Enteropeptidases on lining aid in this process
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Carbohydrates
•Fats
•Proteins
•And nucleic acids
|
|
|
Term
| The process of digestion is under hormonal control |
|
Definition
Gastrin produced by the stomach passes into the blood and returns to act on the stomach lining stimulating production of acid and pepsinogen
•Cholecystokinin from the small intestine signals the gall bladder to release bile salts and the pancreas to produce bicarbonate to neutralize pH of stomach acid
•Secretin produced by the small intestine signals the pancreas to produce and release digestive enzymes
•CCK and secretin inhibit peristalsis and acid secretion in the stomach when chyme with fat enters the duodenum
|
|
|
Term
| Movement of nutrients from lumen of the intestine |
|
Definition
•Digested products move into cells by diffusion, facilitated diffusion or active transport across the intestinal epithelium
•Transfer occurs to capillaries in the villi
•Food rich blood is carried to liver by the hepatic portal system
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Across the intestinal lining following emulsification by bile salts.
•Fatty acids and monoglycerides pass into cells
•In cells fats are formed again
•Pass into lacteals (lymphatic system) to form chyle
•In thoracic region these empty into the circulatory system
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Water reabsorption and feces formation
•Bacterial growth and vitamin synthesis
•
|
|
|
Term
| Herbivore or carnivore for dissection? |
|
Definition
•Just remember that cell walls and cellulose are difficult to digest
–Herbivores tend to have longer, more complex digestive tracts than comparable sized carnivores
–Studying an herbivores’ digestive tract can be a lengthy process
|
|
|
Term
| mainting blood nutrients = a example of.... |
|
Definition
•Maintenance of blood glucose as an example of homeostasis
(balancing nutrients in the body)
|
|
|
Term
| organisms that do not have circulatory systems |
|
Definition
•Poriferans
•Cnidarians
•Platyhelminths
•Nematodes
•And others as well
|
|
|
Term
| How do animals without circulatory systems manage? |
|
Definition
•Poriferans have collar cells or choanocytes that circulate fluid throughout the spongocoel
•Some cnidarians such as large sea jellies have ciliated canals associated with their gastrovascular cavities
•Large flatworms (not cestodes) are flat and have branched digestive tracts
•Nematodes have fluid in the pseudocoel
•Echinoderms with water vascular system and hemal sinuses
|
|
|
Term
| Ciculation and Gas Exchange: cnidarians |
|
Definition
Circulation and Gas Exchange: cnidarians
-a central gastrovascular cavity function both in digestion and in the distribution of substances throughout the body
-some cnidarians, such as jellies, have gastrovascular cavities with a much more elaborate branching pattern
-the mouth leads to an elaborated gastrovasuclar cavity that consists of radial arms (canals) leading to and from a circulatory canal
-ciliated cells lining the canals circulated fluid within the cavity as indicated by the arrows
PIC
-circular canal= edge of the cap
-radial canal= lines inside of the cap
-mouth= hole inside the center of the cape
|
|
|
Term
| Circulation and Gas Exchange: planarians |
|
Definition
Circulation and Gas Exchange: planarians
-also survive without a circulatory system
-combination of a gastrovascular cavity and a flat body is well suited for exchange with the environment
-a flat body optimizes diffusional exchange by increasing surface area and minimizing diffusion distances
-the mout hand pharynx on the ventral side lead to the highly branched gastrovasculr cavity, stained dark brown in this specimen
PIC
-pharynx= closest to the head
-mouth= closets to the tail
|
|
|
Term
| Major types of circulatory systems |
|
Definition
•Open as in an insect where the heart pumps into the vessels and into a hemocoel
•Closed as in earthworms and vertebrates
–Pumping heart or vessels
–Arteries, capillaries and veins
|
|
|
Term
| An open circulatory system |
|
Definition
-Ex grasshopper
-the circulatory fluid, called hemolymph, is the same as the interstitial fluid
-the heart pumps hemolmph through vessels into sinuses, fluid-filled spaces whre materials are exchanged between the emolymph and cells
-hemolymph returns to the heart through pores, which are equipped with valves that close when the heart contracts |
|
|
Term
| A closed circulatory system |
|
Definition
-circulate blood almost entirely within vessels, so the blood is distincts from the interstitial fluid
-chemical exchange occurs between the blood and interstitial fluid as well as between the interstitial fluid and body cells
-in an earthworm, the dorsal vessel functions as the main heart, pumping blood forward by persistalsis
-near the worm's anterior end, five pairs of vessels loop around the digestive tract and function as auxillary hearts |
|
|
Term
| open circulatory system VS closed circulatory system |
|
Definition
Open circulatory system
-arthopods and most mollusks / crustaceans (lobsters..)
-in which the circulatory fluid bathes the organs directly
-interstitial fluid = hemolymph
-one or more hearts pumps the hemolymph throug hte circulatory vessels into interconnected sinuses, spaces surrounding the organs
-within the sinuses, chemical exchange occurs between the hemolmph and body cells
-body movements help circulate the hemolmphy by periodically squeezing the sinuses
CLOSE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
-annaelids (including earthworms), cephalopods (including squids and octopuses), and all vertebrates
-in which blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid
-one or more heart pump blood into large vessels that bran into smaller one coursing through the organs
|
|
|
Term
| Two different types of heart beats |
|
Definition
•Neurogenic – where beating is determined by nerve impulse such as in a crab
•Myogenic where the cardiac muscle beats intrinsically but can be modulated by nervous input like our heart
•Which of these best describes the human heart?
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Fish with one atrium and one ventricle –
•Amphibians have two atria and one ventricle
•Most reptiles have only a partially divided ventricle with their two atria – crocodilians have a four chambered heart as do birds
•Mammals have a four chambered heart
|
|
|
Term
| Single circulation in fishes |
|
Definition
SINGLE CIRCULATION
-in bony fishes, rays, and sharks, the heart consists of 2 chambers: an atrium and a ventricle
-single circulation= single pump and circuit, in which blood passes from the sites of gas exchange to the rest of the body before returning to the heart
=fishes have a 2-chambered heart and a single circuit of blood flow
-blood entering the heart collects in the atrium before transfer to the ventricle
-contraction of the ventricle pumps blood to the gills, where there is a net diffusion of O2 into the blood and CO2 out of the blood
-as blood leaves the gills, the capillaries converge into a vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood to capillary beds throughout the body
-blood the returns to the heart
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Double Circulation
-the circulatory system of amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
-have 2 distinct circuits (separate pulmonary and systemic circuits), in which blood passes through the heart after completing each circuit
1.Pulmonary Circuit (if cappillary beds involved are all lungs)///// Pulmocutaneous Circuit (includes capillaries in both the lung and the skin, most amphibians)
-one pump, the right side of the heart, deliver oxygen-poor blood to the capillary beds, where there is a net movement of O2 into the blood and of CO2 out
2.Systemic circuit
-left side of the heart, happens after the Pulmonary/ Pulmocutaneous (amphibians) circuit
-after the exchange of O2 and CO2, the now oxygen-poor blood returns to the heart, completing the systemic circuit
=Goes from right side of the heart (our left) to the left side and to the right side again
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Double Circulation
-frogs and other amphibians
-a heart with 3 chambers: 2 atria and one vetricle
-2 circuits of blood flow: pulmocutaneous and systemic
|
|
|
Term
| Reptiles (except birds) circulation |
|
Definition
-lizards, snakes, and turtles
-3 chambered heart
-septum partially dividing the ventricle into separate right and left chambers
-(in crocodillians, the septum is compltete, but the pulmonary and sytstemic circuits are connected whre the artieries exist the heart)
-the septum is complete an the heart is four-chambered
PIC
-(where ventricl is split by septum)= right systemic aorta and left systemic aorta
|
|
|
Term
| mammals and birds circulation |
|
Definition
-in all mammals and birds, the ventricle is completly divided
=two atria and two ventricles
-4 chambered heart
-the left side recieves and pumps only oxygen-rich blood, while the right side revieves and pumps only oxygen-poor blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries
•Blood loads oxygen in capillaries and unloads carbon dioxide
•Oxygenated blood returns to the to the left atrium in the pulmonary veins
•Left ventricle fills as atrium contracts
•Left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to the aorta (coronary arteries off first)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Next branches lead to capillary beds in the head and forelimbs
•The aorta continues in a posterior direction supplying oxygen-rich blood to arteries leading to arterioles and capillary beds in the abdominal organs and posterior legs
•Oxygen diffuses down the concentration gradient as does carbon dioxide
•Oxygen goes to tissues and carbon dioxide to the blood (cellular respiration must be served)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Capillaries come together and venules are formed
•Venules empty into veins (head and neck region via the anterior vena cava) (posterior regions via posterior vena cava)
•Veins into the right atrium
•Right atrium pumps to the right ventricle and we start all over
•(Oversimplification neglecting hepatic portal veins)
|
|
|
Term
| The heart as rhythmic cycle |
|
Definition
the contrcats and relaxes in a rhytmic cycle
-Cardiac output – the volume of blood per minute the left ventricle pumps into the systemic circuit that depends on
–Heart rate (av. 70 beats per minute)
–Stroke volume (av. 75 mL)
–5.25 L per minute (about entire blood volume)
|
|
|
Term
| Heart function depends on these |
|
Definition
- Atrioventricular valves: a heart valve located between each atrium and ventricle that prevents a backflow of blood when the ventricle contracts
- Semilunar valves: a valve located at each exist (where you SALUD) of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leave the right ventricle
- Defects lead to murmurs
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a record of the electrical impulses that travel through heart muscle during the cardic cycle |
|
|
Term
| Composition of blood vessels |
|
Definition
•Capillaries are basically endothelium and a basement membrane
•Arteries and veins are composed of an endothelium, smooth muscle and connective tissue
•Arteries are generally more heavily built
•Veins are thinner walled and have valves
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a single layer of flattened epithial cells
-the smooth surface of the endothelium minimizes resistance to the flow of blood
-surrounding the endothelium are layers of tissue that differe amoung capillaries, arteries, and veins, reflecting the specialized function of these vessels
-capillaries are the smallest blood vessels
-endothelium is in the capillary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
--smallest blood vessels
-have very thin walls, which consists of just the endothelium and its basal lamina
-this structural organization facilitates the exchange of substances between the blood in capilaries and the interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
| The Structure of Blood Vessels |
|
Definition
Artery vs Vein
-both arteries and veins have two layers of tissue surrounding the endothelium:
1. outer layer of cannective tissue containing elastic fibers
2. a middle layer containing smooth muscle and more elastic fibers
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN artery vs vein
-an artery has a wall about three times as thick as that of a vein
-the thicker walls of arteries are very stron, accommodatin blood pumped at high pressure by the heart
-valves are in the veins ONLY not the arteries.
-valves in the veins maintain a unidrectional flow of blood |
|
|
Term
| Differences between veins and artery (blood vessels) |
|
Definition
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN artery vs vein
-an artery has a wall about three times as thick as that of a vein
-the thicker walls of arteries are very stron, accommodatin blood pumped at high pressure by the heart
-valves are in the veins ONLY not the arteries.
-valves in the veins maintain a unidrectional flow of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood pressure in the arteries during ocntration of the ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rhythmic bulging of the artery walls with each heartbeat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an inflatable cuff attached to a pressu gauge, measure blood pressure in an artery
-the cuff is inflated until the pressure closes teh artery, so tht no blood flows past the cuff
-when this occurs, the pressure exerted by the cuff exceeds the pressure in the artery
-the cuff is allowed to deflate gradually
-when the pressure exerrted by the cuff falls just below that in the artery, blood pulses into the forearm, generating sounds that can be heard with the stethoscope
-the pressure measure at this point is the systolic pressure
-the cuff is allowed to deflate further, just unti lthe blood flows freely through the artery and the sounds below the cuff disappear
-the pressure at this point is the diastolic pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-skeletal muscle contraction squeezes and constricts veins
-flap of tissue within the veins act as one-way valves that keep blood moving only toward the heart
-if you sit or stand too olong, the lack of muscular activity may cause your feet to swell as blood pools in your veins |
|
|
Term
| Bloood Flow in Capillary Beds |
|
Definition
-precapillary sphincters regulate the passage of blood into capillary beds
-some blood flows directly from arterioles to venules through capillaries called thoroughfare channels, which are always open
|
|
|
Term
| Hardening of the arteries |
|
Definition
•Formation of plaque and restriction of blood flow
•Blood clots can confound the problem and that is why regulation of clotting is so critical
•Coronary arteries are often a major region for concern
|
|
|
Term
| Not all animals have a special respiratory or gas exchange system |
|
Definition
•Porifera
•Cnidaria
•Platyhelminths
•Nematodes
PCNP (please Can Not ...[breathe]P)
|
|
|
Term
| More complex organisms often do (respiratory) |
|
Definition
•Molluscs with gills or lungs
•Arthropods with book gills, gills, book lungs or tracheae
•Some annelids with gills
•Echinoderms with gills or respiratory trees
•Chordates especially vertebrates - gills or lungs
•The idea is to provide a large surface area for respiratory exchange
|
|
|
Term
| What an aquatic organism faces |
|
Definition
•Oxygen is not very soluble in water – usually only 4-8 ml. of oxygen per liter
•Solutes lower the amount of oxygen available
•Higher temperature lowers the amount of oxygen in water
•No problem keeping respiratory surfaces wet
|
|
|
Term
| What a terrestrial organism faces |
|
Definition
•Oxygen is plentiful in the air
•But respiratory surfaces are subject to drying
•Water loss is a major issue
•If surfaces are internal they can be kept moist with less water loss – remember the similar mechanism in xerophytic plants with stomata in pits
|
|
|
