Term
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Definition
| the use of organisms to perform practical tasks. |
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Term
| What are the two types of cloning? How are they different? Which uses stem cells? |
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Definition
Therapuetic and Reproductive.
Reproductive- implant embryo in surragate mother and clone of doner is born.
therapuetic- remove embryonic stem cells from embryo and grow in culture. Induce stem cells to form specialized cells for therapuetic use. |
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Term
| what are the three stem cells? |
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Definition
Embryonic
Induced-pluripotent
Adult |
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Term
| What traits do the three stem cells share? |
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Definition
• capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods (proliferation)
• unspecialized
• able to give rise to specialized cell types |
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Term
| What is potency? What are the four types of potency? |
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Definition
Ability to Differentiate
• Totipotent – can become ALL cell types, including placental cells (embryonic stem cells shortly after fertilization only)_
• Pluripotent – can become ALL cell types in the body, but NOT placental cells (embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells)_
• Multipotent – can become a FEW types of cells (some adult stem cells)_
• Unipotent – can become only ONE cell type, but still capable of self-renewal |
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Term
| What are the three types of stem cells? Name the potency of each. |
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Definition
Embryonic= pluripotent and totipotency
Induced-pluripotent= pluripotent
Adult= multipotent |
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Term
| When do embryonic stem cells go from totipotency to pluripotency? |
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Definition
| only totipotent shortly after fertilization |
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Term
| How do we get different body cells from identical embryonic stem cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are four advantages to using embryonic stem cells for therapeutic cloning? What are two disadvantages? |
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Definition
Advantages
• Nearly immortal
• Easy to extract
• Pluripotent
• Nuclear transfer can avoid immune response
Disadvantages
• Difficult to control differentiation
• May cause immune response if created without nuclear transfer |
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Term
| Where are adult stem cells found? What is their potency? |
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Definition
found in tissues and organs among differentiated cells
they are multipotent |
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Term
| What are three advantages to using adult stem cells in therapeutic cloning? What are four disadvantages? |
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Definition
Advantages
• Partially specialized – easier to get to final types
• Some availability (blood)_
• Less immune response (using cells from their own body)
Disadvantages
• Difficult to keep alive in culture
• Fewer present and difficult to find and extract
• Limited potency
• May be affected by diseases |
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Term
| How do we get induced-pluripotent stem cells? |
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Definition
Normal adult stem cells are returned to embryo-like state
• Reprogrammed by genes inserted with viruses |
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Term
| What are three advantages to using induced-pluripotent stem cells in therapeutic cloning? What are two disadvantages? |
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Definition
Advantages
• Appear to be pluripotent
• Any cell can be used
• Less immune response (using cells from their own body)_
Disadvantages
• Currently must use viruses to reprogram – chance of making cancer cells
• Many unknowns |
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Term
| When are stem cells taken from embryos? |
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Definition
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Term
| Will cures from stem cells be immediate? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| it takes a number of years to develop |
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Term
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Definition
Source of embryonic stem cells
The inner cell mass (30 or so cells) are the cells that are used in embryonic stem cell research |
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Term
| What is a transgenic organism? Name two examples. |
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Definition
An organism that contains the genes from a different organism
1. insulin
2. golden rice |
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Term
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Definition
| a small ring of DNA separate from the chromosomes. found in prokaryotes and yeasts |
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Term
| What do restriction enzymes do and where do they come from? |
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Definition
Restriction enzymes are the cutting tools used for making recombinant DNA.
Found in bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| The staggered cut from restriction enzymes yield two double-stranded DNA fragments with single stranded ends. |
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Term
| Describe the process of producing a transgenic organism. Name the five steps or draw a picture. |
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Definition
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Term
| 21. What two human hormones did we discuss in class that have been produced transgenically? What are the advantages to producing them this way? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five benefits to producing GM plants? |
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Definition
•resistance to pests
•resistance to frost
•resistance to herbicides
•changes in nutritive value
•withstands shipping with less damage |
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Term
| What are six concerns about GM foods? |
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Definition
•may produce allergic reactions
•may pass genes to other species
•produce “super-weeds”
•produce insects resistant to pesticides
•drastically reduce native populations or possible extinctions
•no long term studies on effect on people/environment |
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Term
| What is the difference between genetically modifying an organism and selective breeding an organism? |
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Definition
| Selective breeding (or artificial selection) is the intentential breeding of certain traits. Genetically modified organisms is a host that carries recombinant DNA |
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Term
| What does PCR stand for and what do we use it for? |
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Definition
Polymerase chain reaction
techniques now allow for DNA comparisons even when only tiny amounts of DNA evidence is available
PCR uses heat resistant enzymes that allow for the amplification (production or identical copies) of large amounts of DNA |
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Term
| What is the theory of Evolution? |
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Definition
| All humans are connected by descent from common ancestors |
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Term
| By what mechanism does evolution occur? |
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Definition
| natural selection and genetic drift |
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Term
| Who is the “Father of Evolution”? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a group of like organisms that normally interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What three things did Darwin notice that helped him develop his theory? Give an example of each. |
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Definition
Galapagos islands
Marine Iguana – ate algae growing on rocks
Galapagos tortoises – 14 varieties 10 survive |
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Term
| What five evidences of evolution did we discuss in class? Explain each one. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| changes in allele frequency in a population |
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Term
| What four mechanisms change the gene pool in microevolution? |
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Definition
• Genetic drift
• Mutation
• Gene flow
• Natural selection |
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Term
| What is genetic drift? What are the two types of genetic drift? Describe each one and give an example. |
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Definition
change in the frequency of alleles due to chance
Small subpopulation moves to a new area bringing only a portion of the original gene pool |
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Term
| What is a mutation? How is this passed on to offspring? |
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Definition
a permanent change in the DNA
Most mutations are not beneficial. Some mutations can provide an advantage for the population |
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Term
| What is gene flow? How is this different from genetic drift? |
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Definition
| gene flow is the gain or loss of alleles by the movement of individuals into or out of a population genetic drift is a change in the frequency of alleles due to chance |
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Term
| What is natural selection? What is sexual selection? What are the two types of sexual selection? |
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Definition
those flowers that are most likely to be successful in attracting pollinators will be selected for and pass their genes on to future generations. Those that are not as successful will not pass their genes on at the same rate if at all. Thus changing the allele frequency in the population.
Sexual selection is a type of natural selection
Females may select males due to criteria based on appearance or behavior, or males may have competitions to determine access to females. Either way, some individuals will mate more frequently than others |
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Term
| What are the three general outcomes for natural selection? Draw a graph and give an example for each. |
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Definition
Directional selection- original population, evolved population
Diversifying selection- pressure of natural selection
Stabilizing selection |
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Term
| What is macroevolution? How does it differ from microevolution? |
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Definition
| process that gives rise to new species |
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Term
| What are the 5 pre-zygotic barriers keep closely related species from interbreeding? Explain each one. |
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Definition
temporal isolation(mating times different)
habitat isolation(lives in different places)
behavioral isolation (can't recognize mate, odor, color)
mechanical isolation(pieces don't fit)
gametic isolation (gametes are incompatible or do not survive to meet) |
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Term
| What 5 post-zygotic barriers keep closely related species from interbreeding? Expalin each one |
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Definition
hybrid inviability (hybrid offspring die before reaching reproductive maturity)
hybrid sterility (offspring may become vigorous adults but are infertile
hybrid breakdown (hybrids mate with one another or with either parent species the offspring are feeble or sterile. |
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Term
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Definition
| the initial block to gene flow is a geographic barrier that physically isolate the splinter population (mountatin, body of water) |
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Term
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Definition
| is the origin of a new species without geographic isolation. |
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Term
| mechanisms of microevolution |
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Definition
gene flow
genetic drift
mutation
natural selection |
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Term
| 3 general outcomes of natural selection |
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Definition
| directional selection, disruptive selection, and stabilizing selection |
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Term
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Definition
| shifts the phenotypic curve of a population by selecting in favor of some extreme phenotype. most common when the environment changes or when organisms migrate to a new environment |
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Term
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Definition
| can lead to a balance between two or more contrasting morphs in a population. a patchy environment, which favors different phenotypes in different patches. |
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Term
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Definition
| culls extreme variants from the population, in this case eliminating individuals that are unusually light or dark (mice case) |
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