Term
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Definition
| immovable joints. Example suture in the skull |
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Definition
| slightly movable joints. Example pubic symphysis and ribs 2-7 attached to the sternum |
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Definition
| freely movable joints. Example knees, shoulders and the phalanges in the fingers |
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Definition
| fibrous sacs filled with synovial fluid. They are located between adjacent muscles, where a tendon passes over bone. They help tendons slide, and can enhance the mechanical effect of a muscle my modifying the direction in which a tendon pulls |
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Definition
| elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon. They are seen in the hands and feet mainly. Help with fine motor movement and support of muscle strength. A pathway in which infection spreads along. |
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Definition
| connective tissue that attach bone to bone. Reinforce the joints |
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Definition
| connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Reinforce the joints |
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Term
| Functions of muscle tissue |
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Definition
| Movement, Stabilize, Produce |
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Term
| Characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle |
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Definition
| Excitability/Responsiveness, Conductivity, Contractility, Extensibility, Elasticity |
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Term
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Definition
| in muscles found attached to the skeleton; comprised of long, cylindrical, unbranched cells with striated appearance, contain multiole peripheral nuclei, and vi=oluntary, well developed reticulum, needs intracellular Ca for contraction, has 2 T-tubules per sarcomere; functions: movement of body as whole and body parts, facial expressions, posture, breathing, speech, swallowing, and excretion |
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Definition
| in the heart; short branched cells with striated appearance, ONE nucleus per cell, changes volume of heart to move blood, less developed sarcoplasm reticulum, Ca ions come intracellular and extracellular; involuntary because it has a pacemaker cell, so does not need voluntary signal |
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Term
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Definition
| in viscera (internal organs)like blood vessels, stomach, small intestine, ureters, etc.; short fusiform cells with a nonstriated appearance and only ONE central nucleus per cell; involuntary control due to pacemaker cells, less developed sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca ions come intracellular and extracellular; functions: move organ contents like food or urine or blood etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each individual muscle cell |
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Term
| individual muscle cells (fibers); fibers |
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Definition
| Groups of ____ are grouped together into _____ |
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Term
| fasicles; whole muscles; group of muscles |
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Definition
| These ____ can then work in conjunction with similar muscles to form a ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounded by endomysium, a loose connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Many groups of ____ comprise the ______ |
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Term
| whole numbers; groups of muscles |
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Definition
| These ____ can then work in conjunction with similar muscles to form a ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounded by the perimysium, a thicker connective tissue sheath |
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Term
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Definition
| epimysium, a fibrous sheath |
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Term
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Definition
| deep fascia, a sheet of connective tissue, is found between adjacement muscles and surrounds them and the tendon each to separate from other muscles |
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Definition
| separates muscles from skin |
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Definition
| tubular infoldings of the sarcolemma that penetrate through thecell and carry electrical signals (action potentials) into the cells so that Ca channels on the terminal cisternae can release Ca ions needed for contraction. Each T tubule is closely associated to the two terminal cisternae running alongside the tubule on each side forming a TRIAD |
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Term
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Definition
| a smooth endoplasmic reticulum that forms a network around each myofibril and exhibits dilated end-sacs called terminal cisternae that store Ca ions necessary for contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| long protein bundles that are densely packed within the sarcoplasm. Consist of myosin and actin containing myofilaments |
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Term
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Definition
| contractile protein of the thick filaments that serves as a binding site for actin; it binds and can break down ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| contractile protein of thin filaments that can bind to myosin (G actin has active sites for myosin head) |
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Term
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Definition
| the regulatory protein that blocks |
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Term
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Definition
| a regulatory protein that attaches to each tropomyosin. Binds Ca+ ions when they are available in sarcoplasm and changes its own shape and shape of tropomyosin. As a result, tropomyosin shifts away and exposes active sites on G actin in a stimulated cell |
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Term
| Anatomy of neuromuscular junction |
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Definition
| ONe nerve (consists of multiple axons of motor neurons) serves each muscle. Each axon within the nerve connects to a certain number of muscle fibers within the muscle. The site at which the neuron transmits the signal to another cell called the synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| the synapse between a skeletal muscle cell and a motor neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| the swollen end of each telodendria. telodendria are the extensions of the axon |
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Term
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Definition
| the space between the synaptic knob and the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the depressions in the sarcolemma where the synaptic knob approaches the skeletal muscle cell |
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Term
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Definition
| folds of the motor end plate increase surface area and are packed with ACH receptors. These ACH receptors are ligand gated Na channels |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to pass solutes through a membrane. Some solutes pass easily, some need help and some do not pass at all. |
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Term
| ion channels affect neuron selective permeability |
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Definition
| when an ion is channel is open, it allows the passage of ions through, thus increasing the permeability of the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| there is a much higher concentration of sodium ions in the ECF compared to its concentration in the ICF |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the difference in concentration of solutes. ions across the plasma membrane. It depends on the plasma membrane's permeability, which is based on the size/charge of an ion |
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Term
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Definition
| a difference in the concentration of charged particles across the cell's membrane. Seen in muscle and nervous cells |
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Term
| constantly open gated ion channels |
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Definition
| channels that are always open and allow ions to move in and out of the cell along the concentration gradient as long as the ion fits through the channel opening. They are specific which means that each channel allows only one type of ions through the channel |
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Term
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Definition
| these channels can open and close; they must be electrically or chemically stimulated to be open for ion transport |
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Term
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Definition
| a minimum change in voltage required to open voltage gated Na and K channels that can lead to an action potential. Necessary for muscle contraction |
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Term
| Sources of energy stored in a typical muscle fiber |
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Definition
| ATP, glucose, fatty acids, craetine phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| the force exerted by a contracting muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| when the muscle fibers develop tension and may shorten or lengthen. Amuscle does this with varying force and for different periods of time in response to stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| engaging more motor units increases the strength of contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| "Staircase phenomena" SR does not have enough time to remove all Ca ions between switches so the concentration of Ca in the sarcoplasm increases with each stimulus and causes stronger twitches |
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Term
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Definition
| addition of successive twitches each new stimuli arrives before the last one recovers |
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Term
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Definition
| there is no time for relaxation, will continue until stimulus is stopped or the muscle fatigues |
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Term
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Definition
| the tension of the contraction is constant while length changes. Has concentric and eccentric types |
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Term
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Definition
| the length of muscles stay the same while the tension is changing |
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Term
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Definition
| the muscle shortens as it maintains tension. Flexing the elbow joint by the biceps brachii in the lifting part of bicep weight curl |
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Term
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Definition
| the muscle lengthens as it maintains tension. Extending the elbow joint by the biceps brachii in the relaxing part of bicep weight curl |
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