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(groups 3-12) can have multiple charges as well as lanthanides and actinides
The shock system is used to show metal's ionic charge
A roman numer giving the value of the metal's charge is placed in parentheses directly after the metal's name. The second element's name changes to end in -ide |
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characteristics of a substance that do not involve a chemical change.
Ex: density, color, boiling/melting point |
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describe a substances chemical reactivity
Ex: "ability" to rust, decompose, etc |
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changes that do not alter chemical composition
Ex: can get original substance back |
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| alters the chemical composition and forms one or more new substances; also known as a chemical reaction |
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| a rearrangement of atoms in which some of the original bonds are broken and new ones are formed to give a different chemical structure |
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| Evidence of a chemical rection |
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| color change, odor change, gas bubbles form, solid particles called precipitate form in solution, heat is produced or absorbed |
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| a rxn (reaction) of at least 2 substances that forms a new compound |
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| a rxn where a compound breaks down into at least 2 parts |
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| a rxn in which a hydrocarbon and oxygen burn to form carbon dioxide in water |
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| single replacement reaction |
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| rxn in which atoms of one element take the place of another element in a compound |
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| double replacement reaction |
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| a rxn in which there is an exchange of ions beteen 2 compounds |
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the SI unit used to measue the amount of substances (usually ions, atoms, or molecules) in terms of weight
the amount of substance that contains the same number of atoms as there are in exactly 12 grams of c-12. The number is called Avogadro's number |
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6.02 x 10
the number of atoms in a 12 gram sample of c-12 |
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mass of one mole of a substance
(g/mol) is equvalent to formula/molecular weights in amu |
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| Molar concentration(molarity) |
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the number of moles of solute dissolve in one liter of solution
M=mol/L
mol=MxL
L=mol/M |
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carbon atoms nearly always form strong covalent bonds, carbon atoms have 4 bonds, hydrogen atoms have 1 bond
referred to as organic compounds.
Can form cyclin, or ring structures |
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| contain carbon and hydrogen, but may also contain other elemets such as: O,N,S,P, and the halogens |
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simplest class of organic compounds
can be classified into three catergories based on bonds type: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes |
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simplest hydrocarbon with carbon atoms connected only by single bonds.
Moleculat formula for alkanes: |
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| second class of hydrocarbons thay contain at least one double bond between caron atoms |
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| third hydrocarbon class that contains at least one triple bond between carbon atoms |
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| triangular shaped. 3 line |
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| organic compounds can contain certain common groups of elements |
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dissolved in water
conduct electricity
taste sour
react with metals and release __ gas
change litmus from blue to red |
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| determines whether acids are either strong or weak |
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acids that are completely ionize in a solvent
hydrochloric acid
nitric acid
sulfuric acid |
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only partially ionize in a solvent
acetic acid
hydrofluoric acid |
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a method od expressing the degree of acidity of a solution
where is the molar concentration of ion present in soln |
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| a change of one pH unit represents a change in concentration by a factoor of 10: |
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| solution is considered acidic |
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| considered alkaline or basic |
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| Arrhenius definition of an acid |
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| a substance in aqueous solution that ionizes to form hydrogen ions, ,or hydronium ion, |
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Dissolved in wate
conduct electricity
slippery to the touch
change litmus from red to blue
pH>7 |
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| Arrhenuius definition of a base |
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| both stronge and weak bass generte hydroxide ions ( ) when dissolved in water |
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ionize completely in soln
sodium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide |
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only partially inize in soln and release only a few
ammonia |
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| limitations to arrhenius definition |
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limited to aqueous solutions
does not account for amphoteric substanced |
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| such as water, that has proerties of both an acid and base |
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| bronsted lowry acid (1923) |
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any subsstance that donates a proton to another substance
(a proton is a hydrogen atom that has lost its electron, ) |
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| any substance thay accepts a proton |
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| homogenous mixture of a solute and a solvent |
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| the liquid that dissolves a compound; the major component |
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| the substances that gets dissolved; minor component |
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| solution where water is the solvent |
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| depends on interactions of water molecules with the solute |
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| the ability of an atom to pull shared electrons toward itself |
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depends on
temperature
surface area of solute
amount of solute already in soln |
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| when a net release of energy to the surroundings occurs in a rxn (vessle feels warm) |
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| a net absorbtin of energy from the surroundings occus (rxn vessle feels cool) |
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energy necessary to start a chemical rxn.
to react, molecules (or atoms or ions) must collide in the proper orientation and with enough kinetic energy to break bonds |
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| increased the number of collisions by adding energy |
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| one amu is a mass unit equal to exactly 1/12 the mass of a c-12 atom |
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the sum of the atomic weights (in amu) of all the atoms in a compound formula
**only when using ionic compounds** |
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| calculated just like the formula weight, but the term is only correct when strictly referring to molecular (covalent) compounds |
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all chemical reactions involve a change in energy
energy is absorbed or released in the form of light, heat, electrical energy, or sound |
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| aqueous, dissolved in water |
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| catalyst (make reaction go faster) |
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| reaction done in presence of heat |
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