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| immovable joints. Ex. sutures in the skull |
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| slightly movable joints. Ex. pubic symphysis and ribs 2-7 attached to the sternum |
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| freely movable joints. Ex. Knees, the shoulders and the phalanges in the fingers |
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| Bound by collagen fibers, no cavity |
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| Bound by cartilage, no cavity |
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| Separated by space called joint cavity, surrounded by a capsule lined with synovial membrane secreting synovial fluid. Some have a meniscus that absorbs shock, guides bone movements, and distributes forces |
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| Synarthroses and amphiarthroses |
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| Most are diarthroses, except is gliding joint-amphiarthrosis |
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| fibrous sacs filled with synovial fluid. They are located between adjacent muscles, where a tendon passes over a bone, They help tendons slide, and can enhance the mechanical effect of a muscle by modifying the direction in which a tendon pulls |
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| elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon. They are seen in hands and feet mainly. Help with fine motor movement and support muscle strength. Are a pathway which infections spread along. |
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| connective tissue that attach bone to bone. Reinforce the joints |
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| connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Reinforce joints and help with movement |
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| Functions of the Muscle Tissue |
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Definition
| Movement, Stabilize, Produce |
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| _______ of body parts and organ contents, maintain posture, communication: speech, expression, and writing |
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| Characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue |
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Definition
1. Excitability/responsiveness
2. Conductivity
3. Contractility
4. Extensibility
5. Elasticity |
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Definition
| ability to respond to signals |
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Definition
| ability to conduct AP/electrical signals |
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| ability to shorten to exert force |
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| ability to return to original length |
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Definition
-in muscles found attached to the skeleton
-comprised of long, cylindrical, unbranched cells with striated appearance, contain multiple peripheral nuclei and are voluntary(NEED A SIGNAL FROM NEURON TO CONTRACT), well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum, needs intracellular Ca for contraction, has 2 T-tubules per sarcomere
-functions: movement of body as whole and body parts, facial expressions, posture, breathing, speech, swallowing, and excretion |
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Definition
-in heart
-short branched cells with striated appearance, ONE nucleus per cell, changes volume of heart to move blood
-involuntary because it has pacemaker cells, so does not need voluntary signals
-function: pump blood throughout body |
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Definition
-in viscera (internal organs) like blood vessels, stomach, small intestine, ureters etc
-short fusiform cells with a nonstriated appearance and only ONE central nucleus per cell
-involuntary control due to pacemaker cells, less developed sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca ions come intracellular and extracellular
-functions: move organ contents like food or urine or blood etc. |
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Definition
| surrounded by the endomysium, a loose connective tissue |
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Definition
| surrounded by the perymysium, a thicker connective tissue sheath |
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Definition
| deep fascia, a sheet of connective tissue is formed between adjacent muscles and surrounds them and the tendon each to separate other muscles |
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Definition
| separates muscle from skin |
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Definition
| tubular infoldings of the sarcolemna that penetrate through the cell and carry electrical signals(action potential) into the cells so that Ca channels on terminal cisternae can release Ca ions needed for contraction. Each T tubule is closely associated to the terminal cisternae running alongside the tubule on each side forming a TRIAD |
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Definition
| a smooth endoplasmic reticulum that forms a network around each myofibril and exhibits dilated end sacs called terminal cisternae that store Ca ions necessary for contraction |
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Definition
| long protein bundles that are densely packed within the sarcoplasm. Consist of myosin and actin containing myofilaments |
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Definition
| contractile protein of the thick filaments that serves as a binding site for actin. it binds to and can break down ATP |
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Definition
| contractile protein of thin filaments that can bind to myosin (G actin has active sites for myosin head) |
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Definition
| the regulatory protein that blocks the active sites of 6-7 G actins in a relaxing/resting cell |
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Definition
| a regulatory protein that attaches to each tropomyosin. Binds Ca+ ions when they are available in sarcoplasm and changes its own shape and shape of tropomyosin. As a result, tropomyosin shifts away and exposes active sites on G actin in a stimulated cell |
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Definition
| The synapse between a skeletal muscle cell and a motor neuron |
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Definition
| the swollen end of each telodendria |
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| Vesicles with neurotransmitter (chemical messengers) |
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Definition
| The neurotransmitter in the NMJ is ACH |
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Term
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Definition
| the space between the synaptic knob and the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle cell |
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Definition
| the depressions in the sarcolemma where the synaptic knob approaches the skeletal muscle cell |
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Term
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Definition
| folds of the motor end plate increase surface area and are packed with ACH receptors. These ACH receptors are ligand gated Na channels |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to pass solutes through a membrane. Some solutes pass easily, some need help and some do not pass at all |
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Term
| ion channels affect neuron selective permeability |
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Definition
| when an ion is open, it allows the passage of ions through, thus increasing the permeability of the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| there is a much higher concentration of sodium ions in the ECF (outside of the cells membrane) compared to its concentration in the ICF (inside the cell's membrane) |
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Term
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Definition
| ICF concentration > ECF concentration |
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Definition
| ECF concentration > ICF concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference in concentration of solutes/ions across the plasma membrane. It depends on the plasma membrane's permeability, which is based on the size of an ion |
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Definition
| a difference in the concentration of charged particles across the cell's membrane. Seen in nervous and muscle cells |
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Definition
| channels that are always open and allow ions to move in and out of the cell along the concentration gradient as long as the ion fits through the channel opening. They are specific, which means that each channel allows only one type of ions through the channel |
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Term
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Definition
| these channels can open and close; they must be electrically (voltage gated) or chemically (ligand gated) to be open for ion transport |
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Term
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Definition
| a minimum change in voltage required to open voltage gated Na and K channels that can lead to an action potential. ______ is NECESSARY for muscle contraction to happen |
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Term
| sliding filament theory of muscle contraction |
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Definition
| during muscle contraction the myofilaments do not become shorterl instead the thin filaments somply slide along the thick filaments and pull Z discs with them. This causes the sarcomere as a whole to shorten. This process uses ATP and calcium |
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Term
| Contraction cycle of a skeletal mucle |
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Definition
Excitation: AP in the nerve fiber leads to AP in muscle fiber
Excitation-contraction coupling: links the AP on the sarcolemma to the activation of the myofilaments
Contraction: THin filaments slide along thick filaments and pull on Z discs, causing the sarcomere to shorten
Relaxation: when work is done, muscle fiber relaxes and returns to original length |
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Term
| Sources of energy stored in muscle fibers |
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Definition
| ATP, glucose, fatty acids, craetine phosphate. During exercise the primary fuels used are fats and carbohtdrates |
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Term
| Mechanisms muscle fibers use to obtain ATP for muscle contraction |
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Definition
1. Immediate energy. The phosagen system
2. Short term energy. Glycogen-lactic acid system or glycolysis
3. Long term energy. Aerobic respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| the response of a single motor unit to a single AP. One muscle twitch is not enough to produce any work, but is a good example in the lab to study muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the myogram where no muscle contraction happens dispite stimuli. This time is needed for excitation, excitation-contraction coupling, and tensing of the elastic components of the muscle to prepare it to twitch |
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Definition
| muscle produces external tension and moves a resisting load |
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Term
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Definition
| falling Ca2+ levels in the cytoplasm signal myosin to release the actin of the thin filament and muscle tension begins to decline |
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Definition
| the force exerted by a contracting muscle |
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Definition
| when the muscle fibers develop tension and may shorten or lengthen. A muscle contracts varying forces and for different periods of time in response to stimuli of varying frequencies and intensities |
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Term
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Definition
| a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates make up this. This is dispersed throughout the muscle and works in shifts, determining a muscle tone. There are two types: fine control and strength control |
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Term
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Definition
| engaging more motor units increases the strength of contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| "Staircase phenomenon"- SR does not have enough time to remove all Ca ions between twitches so the concentration of Ca in the sarcoplasm increases with each stimulus and causes stronger twitches |
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Term
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Definition
| addition of successive twitches each new stimuli arrives before the last one recovers |
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Term
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Definition
| there is no time for relaxation, will continue until stimulus is stopped or muscle fatigues |
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Term
| isotonic (dynamic exercise) |
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Definition
| the tension of the contraction is constant while length changes. Has concentric and eccentric types. ISO=stays the same. TONIC=tension |
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Term
| isometric (static exercise) |
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Definition
| the length of muscles stays the same while the tension is changing |
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Term
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Definition
| the muscle shortens as it maintains tension.Flexing the elbow joint by the biceps brachii in the lifting part of bicep curls |
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Term
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Definition
| the muscle lengthens as it maintains tension. Extending the elbow joint by the biceps brachii in the relaxing part of bicep curls |
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