Term
| connect the brain to the skin and skeletal muscle fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| connect the brain to the viscera |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| connect the spinal cord to the skin and skeletal muscle fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| connect the spinal cord to the viscera |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| controls gland secretion and smooth/cardiac muscle contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1. nerve cell bodies found in the CNS
2. The processes of these cells form ___ and are found in the PNS |
|
Definition
1. sympathetic (thoracolumbar); parasympathetic (cranio-sacral)
2. nerves |
|
|
Term
| functions of the nervous system |
|
Definition
sensory = afferent
integrative = association neurons
motor = efferent |
|
|
Term
| CNS -> PNS -> effector (muscles and glands) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ of the CNS are supporting cells of the neuron and act as physiological environment controllers as well as the CT of the CNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there is no ___ in the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the neurons communicate by receiving chemical signals called ___, these then stimulate muscle or other nerve cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| molecules that neurons take up from surrounding neurons or supporting cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
neuron composed of:
1. __ or perikaryon/ soma exhibits a prominent nucleus and numerous organelles
2. a single __ carrying impulses away from the body
3. one or more ___ bringing impulses in to the cell body |
|
Definition
1. cell body
2. axon
3. dendrites |
|
|
Term
| ___ are found filling the majority of the cell body. They are membraneous sacs of rER and associated free ribosomes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ is the entryway into the axon. it acts as a funnel for cytoskeletal elements entering the axon, thus keeping nissl substance out |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nissl substance is found in the __ but not in the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| neuron organelle that is very large and well developed; produces synaptic (neurotransmitter) vesicles; and is the site of membrane recycling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the __ is a single, small diameter process that can extend great distances.
- branches are called ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dendrites branch, giving the appearance of a tree, which is why they are referred to as ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| meeting point between a neuron and any other cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| found in organs of special sense; each nerve cell body has 2 process at opposite ends of the cell - one axon and one dendrite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| large star shaped cells characteristic of motor neurons. There is only one axon and numerous tree like branching dendrites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| neurons that were originally bipolar, but the processes fused during development to form a single process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ neurons are in the PNS ganglia. They take sensory stimuli from the periphery in to the CNS (brain/spinal cord) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are multipolar in morphology and relay the sensory message either up or down the spinal cord for interpretation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ are also multipolar and take the action message from the CNS to the effector organ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ acts as an electrical insulator and increases the velocity of impulse conduction along the axon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ involves the wrapping of the supporting cell around the neuronal process (normally the axon) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the CNS, myelin is formed by the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the PNS, myelin is formed by the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| interruption (gaps) of the myelin sheath at intervals along the length of the axon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| that portion of the process between nodes of ranvier, myelinated by a schwann cell or an oligodendrocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during myelination in the PNS, thw wrapping squeezes the cytoplasm out of the wrap leaving only concentric layers of empty cell membrane called the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one schwann cell wraps (__) one segment (__) of one ___ |
|
Definition
| myelinates; internode; neuronal process |
|
|
Term
| a single oligodendrocyte myelinates a single portion of ___ |
|
Definition
| numerous neuronal processes |
|
|
Term
| not all fibers are ___, yet they all have to be ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the PNS, a single schwann cell can support ____ in the unmyelinated state, but only a ___ myelinated internode |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the CT that surrounds each individual nerve fiber, or axon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the CT that wraps groups of nerve fibers (axons) into bundles or fascicles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the thick layer of CT that wraps the entire nerve (collection of axons) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
support cells in the PNS
1. ___ - myelinate fibers but may also support them in the unmyelinated state; only associated with the nerve cell processes.
2. __ and __ cells support the cell body of a neuron in a ganglion of the PNS. These two cells are only associated with the neuron cell body |
|
Definition
1. schwann cells
2. satellite and capsule |
|
|
Term
neuroglial cell types
1. ___ - structural support between capillaries and neurons; form blood brain barrier
2. ___ - CNS myelin forming cells that guide development of neurons
3. ___ - phagocytose pathogens and cellular debris; protective cells doing the job of macrophages in the PNS
4. __ - columnar like cells that line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord; associated with the CSF. |
|
Definition
1. astrocytes
2. oligodendrocytes
3. microglia
4. ependymal cells |
|
|
Term
| connective tissue membranes that wrap the brain and spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the outermost and toughest CT membrane; double layered (what are the two layers?) |
|
Definition
dura mater
1. periosteal layer
2. meningeal layer |
|
|
Term
| a delicate non-vascular layer between the dura mater and pia mater. it exhibits spider web like extensions that cross the subarachnoid space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| evaginations of arachnoid into a dural (venous) sinus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a delicate, highly vascularized layer that is intimately applied to the surface of the brain and spinal cord; connected to arachnoid by the web like trabeculae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ within the brain are responsible for the production and circulation of CSF |
|
Definition
four ventricles or cavities
Lateral ventricles = 1st and 2nd
third ventricle
4th ventricle |
|
|
Term
| the brain has interconnected cavities (__) located deep within it that are continuous with the subarachnoid space and the central canal of the spinal cord - all these areas are filled with ___ |
|
Definition
| ventricles; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
|
|
Term
| the structure responsible for secreting CSF - the ___ - is located within the ventricular system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CSF is constantly secreted within the ventricles, escapes into the surrounding subarachnoid space and central canal of the spinal cord, and then leaks into the dural venous sinuses via the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ ventricles extend into the frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes. they each empty via an ___ into a median, unpaired __ found beneath the corpus callosum. The cerebral aqueduct leads down to the ____ |
|
Definition
| lateral; interventricular foramen; third ventricle; fourth ventricle |
|
|
Term
| the 4th ventricle is continuous with the ___ |
|
Definition
| central canal of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| the majority of the choroid plexus if located in the ___, but small amounts found in the __ and __ as well |
|
Definition
| lateral ventricles; 3rd; 4th ventricles |
|
|
Term
| csf escapes that ventricular system via the __ and __ of the 4th ventricles. the majority will enter the ___ via these large openings. some will trickle down into the ___ - a continuation from the 4th ventricle |
|
Definition
| lateral; median apertures; subarachnoid space; central canal of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| the csf that enters the subarachnoid space must also escape this region via ___ which allows it to enter the ___ system of the skull and be eventually filtered from the body in the urine. |
|
Definition
| arachnoid granulations; venous dural sinus |
|
|
Term
| folds formed from two layers of meningeal dura |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| venous channels formed by the separation of the periosteal dura form the meningeal dura mater. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are designed to seperate and support the various lobes of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two main sources of blood supply to the brain |
|
Definition
| vertebral arteries and internal carotid arteries |
|
|
Term
| on the inferior surface of the brain is an anastomotic circle of arteries referred to as the ___ or the ___ |
|
Definition
| arterial circle of willis; cerebral arterial circle |
|
|
Term
Macroscopic organization of the brain:
___ - sensory & motor functions; higher memory; reasoning
___ - coordination of voluntary movements
___ - visceral activities, interconnections |
|
Definition
1. cerebrum
2. cerebellum
3. brain stem |
|
|
Term
| the surface are of the brain is increased by _____ |
|
Definition
| bumps (gyri) and grooves (sulci) |
|
|
Term
| the cerebral cortex is composed of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ lies deep to the cortex |
|
Definition
| white matter (fiber tracts_ |
|
|
Term
| collections of neuronal cell bodies within the central nervous system are called ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| collections of neuronal cell bodies located outside the central nervous system are called ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two cerebral hemispheres are connected by the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3 main types of tracts
1. ___; connect neurons in the same area
2. ___; connect neurons in one hemisphere with neurons in the opposite hemisphere
3. ___- tranmit impulses from cerebrum to other areas of the brian and spinal cord |
|
Definition
1. association tracts
2. commissural tracts
3. projection tracts |
|
|
Term
| 4 lobes of the cerebrum and functions |
|
Definition
1. Frontal lobe: voluntary control of skeletal muscle; higher learning processes
2. parietal lobe - sensory recognition
3. temporal lobe - hearing
4. occipital - vision |
|
|
Term
| what does the diencephalon consist of |
|
Definition
| the thalamus and hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| receives almost all incoming sensory info |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| regulates hormonal secretions of the pituitary gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the brain stem consist of? functions? |
|
Definition
midbrain: audio/visual reflex centers
pons: communications between cerebrum and cerebellum
medulla: cardiac and respiratory centers |
|
|
Term
| main functions of the cerebellum |
|
Definition
| maintain posture and balance; maintain muscle tone; coordinate muscle activity |
|
|
Term
| where does the spinal cord begin and end |
|
Definition
begins: at the foramen magnum
ends: between the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| the spinal cord has the same ___ as the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the segments of the spinal cord in order |
|
Definition
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal |
|
|
Term
| the ___ gives rise to the brachial plexus and the ___ forms the ___ |
|
Definition
| cervical enlargement (C5-T1); lumbar enlargement (L1-S5); lumbosacral plexus |
|
|
Term
| gray matter in the spinal cord is located ___ |
|
Definition
| internally in an H shaped configuration |
|
|
Term
| the white matter of the spinal cord is divided into areas or ___: |
|
Definition
| funiculi: posterior, anterior, lateral |
|
|
Term
| functions of the spinal cord |
|
Definition
conduct impulses up/down
center for reflexes |
|
|
Term
| tracts of the spinal cord |
|
Definition
ascending: sensory
- taking sensory info to the brain for interpretation
descending: motor
- taking motor info down to spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| the spinal cord periphery is composed of white matter and is divided into ___. These contain vertical columns of fibers called ___ or ___ tracts |
|
Definition
| funiculi; ascending; descending |
|
|
Term
| ascending spinal tract makeup |
|
Definition
these tracts contain 3 successive neurons
1st order neuron: a sensory neuron with its dendrite in the spinal nerve and cell body in the dorsal root ganglion
2nd order neuron: cell body located in the spinal cord; transmits the nerve impulse from the 1st order neuron to the 3rd order neuron
3rd order neuron: cell body located in the thalamus and transmits the impulse to the cerebral cortex where it reaches the conscious level |
|
|
Term
| descinding (motor) spinal tracts |
|
Definition
| all tracts cross from one side to the other and consist of two or three consecutive neurons in a chain. |
|
|
Term
| spinal nerves exit the spinal cord at each vertebral level via the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many pairs of spinal nerves are their |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dorsal root carries ___ from the periphery back to the spinal cord and is therefore an incoming route, or afferent pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ventral root carries ___ from the CNS out to the peripheral aspects of the body. There fore it is an outgoing route referred to as efferent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dorsal and ventral rami carry ___ fibers to and from the body wall - referred to as being ___. |
|
Definition
| motor and sensory; mixed fibers |
|
|
Term
| each spinal nerve innervates a typical body segment, or __, with motor and sensory info |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spinal nerves from spinal cord levels T2 through T12 remain ___ in nature and the ventral rami do not ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ are never involved in plexus formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cervical plexus (C1-C4)
brachial Plexus (C5-T1)
lumbosacral plexus (L1-S4) |
|
|
Term
| Cranial nerves do not contain ___ fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both motor and sensory info |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic division arises from ___ |
|
Definition
| thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord segments (T1-L2) |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic division arises from ____ |
|
Definition
| nuclei in the brain stem and the sacral regions of the spinal cord (s2-s4) |
|
|
Term
| neurotransmitters in the ans |
|
Definition
postganglionic sympathetic - norepin.
preganglionic sympathetic - ach
postganglionic parasymp - ach
preganglionic parasymp - ach |
|
|
Term
| both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems involve a __ neuron chain - unlike the single neurons for motor and sensory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| autonomic ganglia contain the cell bodies of the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. sympathetic trunk
2. prevertebral
3. intramural |
|
|
Term
| each true spinal nerve contain ___ and ___ fibers |
|
Definition
| somatic (body wall); visceral (hollow organ) |
|
|
Term
| visceral motor division = ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: motor to skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____: peripheral sensory receptors into CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: preganglionic sympathetic visceral fibers enter the sympathetic truck by white rami communicans. postganglionic sympathetic fibers project to the target organ. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: come back through white rami and travel up or down the sympathetic trunck prior to synapsing in the spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in this form of pain, the injury or insult is proximal to the cns but the pain is felt distal to the injury site |
|
Definition
| proximal distal referred pain |
|
|
Term
| pain is felt far from injury site due to movement of structures during embryological development |
|
Definition
| embryologically - derived referred pain |
|
|
Term
| pain coming back from the spinal cord levels is referred to the dermatomes on the body wall they innervate |
|
Definition
| visceral/somatic referred pain |
|
|
Term
| body senses are classified as general or special based on: |
|
Definition
general: widespread, throughout the body, simple in structure, ex are touch & pain.
special: localized to specific structures/areas of the body, complex. ex are taste, sight, hearing, balance, and smell |
|
|
Term
| chemoreceptors for olfaction are best stimulated by: ___ |
|
Definition
| chemicals dissolved in liquid |
|
|
Term
| olfactory receptor cells are located ___, and neurons are surrounded by ___ |
|
Definition
| on the upper aspect of the nasal cavity; columnar epithelial |
|
|
Term
| taste buds are located on the ___ |
|
Definition
| papillae, tongue, roof of mouth, and pharynx |
|
|
Term
| taste buds are made up of ___ |
|
Definition
| gustatory cells surrounded by supporting cells |
|
|
Term
| opening on free surface of papillae through which taste hairs project |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dendritic ending of gustatory cells, project out of taste pore, are the sensory portion of receptor cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| auricle and pinna = funnel that collects sound waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tympanic cavity: air filled space in temporal bone
tympanic membrane:eardrum |
|
|
Term
| vibrate in a chain; purpose is to increase force of sound while decreasing amplitude |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| connects middle ear to throat; equalizes pressure between middle ear and atmosphere for optimal hearing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sensory organ responsible for hearing |
|
Definition
| organ of corti, located in cochlear duct |
|
|
Term
| detects vertical or horizontal equilibrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| detects rotational movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the organs that detect static equilibrium are located in the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the vestible contains the membraneous ___ and ___, each contains a sensory organ called the ___ that detects linear acceleration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sensory area that detects rotation in the semicircular canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| both of these abduct the eye |
|
Definition
| superior and inferior oblique |
|
|
Term
| depression of the eye (pupil); makes you look down |
|
Definition
| superior oblique or inferior rectus |
|
|
Term
| elevation (pupil); makes you look up |
|
Definition
| inferior oblique or superior rectus |
|
|
Term
| both of these adduct the eye |
|
Definition
| superior and inferior rectus |
|
|
Term
| adduction of the eye; makes you look inward toward your nose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| abduction of eye; makes you look away from your nose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| elevates the upper eyelid |
|
Definition
| levator palpebrae superioris |
|
|
