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| respond to mechanical force such as touch, pressure (including blood pressure), vibration, and stretch. |
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| are sensitive to temperature changes. |
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| such as those of the retina of the eye, respond to light energy. |
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| respond to chemicals in solution (molecules smelled or tasted, or change in blood or interstitial fluid chemistry). |
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| respond to potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain. Example: Searing heat, extreme cold, excessive pressure, and inflammatory chemicals are all interpreted as painful. These signals stimulate subtypes of thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and chemoreceptors. |
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| are sensivite to stimuli arising outside the body. These receptors are most of the time found at or near the body surface. They include touch, pressure, pain, and temerpature receptors in the skin and most receptors of the special senses (vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, smell.) |
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| respond to stimuli within the body, such as from the internal viscera and blood vessels. They monitor a variety of stimuli, including chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature, Sometimes their activity causes us to feel pain, discomfort, hunger, or thirst. However, we are usually unaware of their workings. |
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| respond to internal stimuli: however, their location is much more restricted. These receptors occur in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, and ligaments and in connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles. They constantly advise the brain of our body moveements by monitoring how much the organs containing these receptors are stretched. |
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| modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons. They are found throughout the body and monitor most types of general sensory information. |
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| are actually sense organs, localized collections of cells associated with the special senses (vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste). |
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| present nearly everywhere in the body, but they are patrticualr abundant in epithelia and connective tissues. Most of these sensroy fibers are unmyelinated, and their distal endings usually have small kmoblike swellings. They respond to temperature and painful stimuli. |
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| lie in the deeper layers of the epidermis and function as light touch receptors. |
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| free nerve endings that wrap basket-like around hair follicles, are light touch receptors that detect bending of hairs. Ex. Mosquito landing on your skin. |
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| consist of one or more fiber terminals of sensory neurons enclsed in a connective tissue capsule. |
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| Encapsulated Dendritic Endings. |
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| small receptors in which a few spiraling sensory terminals are surrounded by Schwann Cells and then by a thin egg-saped connective tissue capsule. Found just beneath the eepidermsi in the dermal papillae and are especially numerous in sensitive and hairless skin areas such as the nipples, fingertips, and soles of the feet. |
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| scattered deep in the dermis, and in subcutaneous tissue underlying the skin. Although they are mechanoreceptors timulated by dep pressure, they respond only when the pressure is first applied, and thus are best suited to monitoring vibration. |
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| lie in the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and joint capsules, contain a spray of receptor endings enclosed by a flattened capsule. They respond to deep and continuous pressure. |
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| are fusiform proprioceptors found throughout the perimysium of a skeletal muscle. Each _________ consists of a bundle of modified skeletal muscle fibers, called intrafusal fibers., enclosed in a connective tissue capsule. They detect muscle stretch and initiate a reflex that resists the stretch. |
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| are proprioceptors located in tendons, close to the skeletal muscle insertion. They consist of small bundles of collagen fibers enclosed in a layered capsule, with sensory terminals coiling between and around the fibers. Function in tendon stretch. |
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| For sensation to occur, a stimulus must excite a receptor and action potentials must reach the CNS. |
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| Membrane depolarizations that summate and directly lead to generation of action potentials in an afferent fiber. |
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| Information about the stimulus - it's strength, duration, and pattern - is encoded in the ____ of nerve impulses. The greater this is the stronger this is. |
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| a change in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus. |
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| fasta dapting, often giving busts of impulses at the beginning and at the end of the stimulus. These act mainly to report changes in the internal or external environment. |
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| fasta dapting, often giving busts of impulses at the beginning and at the end of the stimulus. These act mainly to report changes in the internal or external environment. |
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| provide a sustained response with little or no adaptation. Nociceptors and most proprioceptors are _______ because of the protective importance of their information. |
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| The exaqct point in the cortex that is activated always refers to the same "where", regardless of how it is activated, a phenomenon called.... |
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| the ability to detect how intese the stimulus is. |
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| allows us to identify the site or pattern of stimulation. |
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| the ability to detect that a stimulus has occured |
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| pain stimuli arising in the viscera are perceived as somatic in origin. |
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| A heart attack may produce a sensation of pain that radiates to the superior thoracic wall and along the medial aspect of the left arm. |
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| A delicate layer of loose connective tissue that also encloses the fiber's assocaited myelin sheath or neurilemma. |
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| Purely Sensory; sense of smell |
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| This nerve supplies four of the six extrinsic muscles that move the eyeball in the orbit. |
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| innervates an extrinsic eye muscle that loops through a pulley-shaped ligament in the orbit. |
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| Three branches spring from this, the larges of the cranial nerves. It supplies sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles. |
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| This is the nerve that controls the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eyeball. (turns it laterally) |
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| A large nerve that inneravtes muscles of facial expression |
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| This sensory nerve for hearing and balance was formerly called the auditory nerve. |
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| the only cranial nerve to extend beyond the head and neck to the thorax and abdomen. Parasympathetic motor fibers supply heart, lungs, and abdomminal viscera and are involved in regulation of heart rate, breathing, and digestive system activity. |
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| supply motor fibers to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles, which together, which together move head and neck, and convery proprioceptor impulese from the smae mucle. |
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| allows food mixing and anipulation by tongue during chewing, and tongue movements that contirbute to swallowing and speech. |
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