Term
|
Definition
| located in base of skull in "sella". Divided into two parts, the anterior and posterior portions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has five cell types, each of which secretes a hormone |
|
|
Term
| five hormones of anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
1. Growth Hormone (GH)
2. Prolactin (PRL)
3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTC)
4. Gonadotropins hormones
5. Thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lutinizing (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| closely affiliated with the hypothalamus and produces 1. Oxytocin and 2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates contraction of pregnant uterus |
|
|
Term
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
|
Definition
| promotes the reabsorption of water in the kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two lobes connected with an isthmus consists of two types of cells 1. Follicular cells and 2. C cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete thyroxine (T4) and T3 (metabolism) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete calcitonin (involved in calcium homeostasis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located within the thyroid tissue (small bean shaped)
secrete parathormone and involved in regulating calcium and phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| composed of a cortex (outer) and inner medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
divided into three zones
1. Zona glomerulosa
2. Zona fasciculata
3. Zona reticularis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretes mineral corticoids- aldosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretes glucocorticoids- cortisone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretes sex streriods, estrogens and androgens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of cells that produce epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PG releases tropic hormones, TSH, ACTH, LH, and FSH. these hormones stimulate the target gland and then the target gland releases substances that cause the hypothalamus to release factors that have a negative stimulus upon the PG. This keeps the process in balance.
production of these hormones are carefully regulated by both positive and negative feed back |
|
|
Term
| Target organ is destroyed |
|
Definition
| the pituitary keeps sending out an increased signal. ex: Addision's disease, the levels of ACTH are markedly increased. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with an enlarged gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symptoms depend on which cells are involved in hyper secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
may compress the posterior pituitary leading to diabetes insipitus (DI)
(Prolactinomas, Somatotrophic adenomas, corticotropic adenomas) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small benign tumor secreting cells. stimulate milk production not related to pregnancy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| larger GH producing tumors. produce in young children before symphyseal plate completion gigantism. in post pubertal patients causes acromegaley |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in post pubertal patients. causes enlarged acral portions including hands, tongue, haws and nose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce cells with excess ACTH leading to Cushing syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| include: 1. congenital defects 2. pituitaries destroyed by tumors 3. destruction of gland by ischemia 4. destructions of posterior pituitary produces DI with large loss of water and hypernatremia (elevated sodium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pituitary dwarfism and Jacob-Cretzfied
often transferred diseases dealing with GH's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
patient presents with thin hair, weight loss, diarrhea, warm skin, hyperreflexia and pretibial edema. Ecophtalmus (eye bulges out) common and eye-catching observation
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also known as hyperthyroidism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. grave's disease
2. idiopathic nodular hyperplasia (gland is enlarged)
3. tumors that produce thyroxine (adenomas)
4. exogenous thyroid medication
5. diagnosis made by determination of TSH and T4 and T3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
caused by ABy to TSH receptors on surface of thyroid cells. These ABy bind to receptors and act like TSH to stimulate thyroxine production.
autoimmune disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patient presents with loss of hair, cold intolerance, muscle weakness, heart failure (slow heart), periorital edema, puffy face constipation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. developmental defects (Thyroid aplasia)
2. Thyroiditis (hashimoto's Thyroiditis)
3. surgical removal of thyroid
4. Iodine deficiency
5. generally associated with elevated TSH as there is decreased T4 and T3 and negative feedback |
|
|
Term
| Thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis) |
|
Definition
| best defined autoimmune disease. can result in destruction of gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enlarged gland made up of nodules. vary in size and morphology but most are euthyoid (normal).
symptoms often related to space occupying benign glands that put pressure on surrounding tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
may be benign or malignant
adenomas very common. usually a nodule with a defined capsule. some take up iodine and other do not. not diagnostic for malignancy
divided into histological types of papillary follicular, medullary and anaplastic carcinomas |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid neoplasm carcinomas |
|
Definition
risk factors include radiation, well documented in the Japanese exposed to the atomic bomb and children who had their thymus irradiated
all derived from follicular cells, except the medullary carcinomas which are derived from the C-cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
results in increased PTH (parathyroid hormone) and increased calcium in the blood. patient may present with increase in kidney stones, bone density diseases.
most commonly caused by parathyroid adenomas
parathyroid carcinomas also occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces 1 lethargy, muscle weakness, and conduction defects in the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes bone resorption of calcium from the tubular lumen. Also promotes the active form of VIT A which increases uptake of calcium from the small intestine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases uptake of calcium from the small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be caused by surgical removal of thyroid. may be congenital. leads to hypocalcemia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leads to changes in neuromuscular activity often called tetany |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| be induced by hyperventilation and removing ionized calcium |
|
|
Term
| hyperaldosteronism (conn's syndrome) |
|
Definition
| hypersecretion of aldosterone, retention of NA, hypertension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypersecretion of adrenal sex hormones, androgens, may be congenital or develop later in life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hypersecretion of cortisones
either caused by 1. increased ACTH from the pituitary or 1. increased secretion from the adrenal (either hyperplasia or tumor)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by central obesity, buffalo hump, moon facies, glucose intolerance, hypertension and thinning of the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adrenocortical hypofunction
most commonly caused by autoimmune adrenalitis (president Kennedy has this form)
adrenals can be destroyed by infections such as TB and histoplasmosis
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized clinically by fatigue, weight loss, and nausea. with lack of mineral corticoids get NA loss and K retention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a tumor derived from precursors of the adrenal medulla cells
malignant tumors that occur in neonates and young children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produces hypertension and thus the removal of tumor cures this disorder
most are benign, some malignant (removed laproscopically)
secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
diagnosed clinically, radiologically and by measuring epinephrine, norepinephrine and breakdown products vanillymandelic acid (VMA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lack of mineral coricoids |
|
Definition
|
|
