Term
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Definition
| The process of gas exchange within the body |
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Term
| Pulmonary ventilation=Breathing |
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Definition
| The flow of air in and out of the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and the circulatory system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The exchange if oxygen and carbon dioxide between the capillaries and cells. |
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Term
| Cellular respiration (definition? requires? produces?) |
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Definition
| The breakdown of glucose to produce ATP. Reuires oxygen, produces carbon dioxide. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of bringing air into the lungs |
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Term
Boyle's law: The ____of a gas is inversely proportional to the ____of the conatiner (lungs), at a constant____.
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Definition
- Pressure
- volume
- Temperature
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Term
| Normal inspiration is initiated by the contraction of the ___( along with the ___ ___ muscles) which decreases the _____ space. |
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Definition
- Diaphragm
- External intercostal
- Intrathoracic
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Term
| Alveolar (____) pressur eis decreased (to __mmHg), atmospheric pressure at __mmHg rushes into the lungs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscles that can enlarge in the _______space will increase inspiration, they originate ____ to the rib cage. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Movement of air out of the lungs
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Term
| exhalation is usually a ____ process caused by muscle _____ and elastic recoil of the chest wall. |
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Definition
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Term
| When the intrathoracic space decreases, this puts pressure on the available ___ in the lungs. This causes the alvelar pressure to increase to __mmHg. Air then rushes out of the lung and into the atmosphere; __mmHg. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sruface tension results from the natural attraction of ___ molecules to one another. This force ___ alveoli. Sufactant released from __ __ __ __ reduce this surface tension and decreases the constricting force. |
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Definition
- water
- constricts
- type II alveolar cells
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Term
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Definition
| The ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded. |
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Term
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Definition
| the hindrance encountered by air as it moves through the respiratory passages, especially the bronchioles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal, quiet breathing. The volume of each breath is about 500mL. |
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Term
| Inspiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| The amount of air an adult can forcefully inhale after tidal volume≈3100mL |
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Term
| Expiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| The amount of air an adult can forcefully exhale after tidal volume≈1200mL |
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Term
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Definition
| The air that remains in the lungs after fiull expiration. This air helps keep the alveoli inflated≈1200mL |
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Term
| Vital capacity=inspiratory reserve volume+expiratory reserve volume+tidal volume |
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Definition
| The maximum amount of air that can be moved out of the lung after maximum inspiration. |
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Term
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Definition
Vital capacity+residual volume (6000mL)
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of air in the passageways that carry into the lings. areas where oxygen and carbon dioxide are not excnahged. approximately 150mL of air. |
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Term
| Approximately ___mL of a normal breath (about 70%of tidal volume) that reaches the alveoli is the source of fresh oxygen to the ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Dalton's law: each gas in a mixture of gases exerts it's own pressure (called __ __) as id all the other gases were not present |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| %of gas in mixture x total pressure of a mixture |
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Term
| % or oxygen in atmospheric air is |
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Definition
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Term
| partial pressure of oxygen= |
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Definition
| .2009 x 760 mmHg= 158.8mmHg |
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Term
| Henry;s law: the quantity of gas that will dissolve in a___ (blood) is proportional to the partial pressure of gas and its solubility coefficient (how well it mixes with water), at a constant ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| over __% of oxygen in the blood is carried by hemoglobin as ____. approximately __% is dissolved in blood plasma. Only th dissolved oxygen can diffuse into the capillaries |
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Definition
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Term
lower pH leads to (less/more) oxygen hemoglobi binding? called what effect?
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Definition
| Less; Bohr effect: denaturing of globin due to acidity |
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Term
| The pH of blood (decreases/increases) as CO2 accumulates |
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Definition
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Term
Less oxygen-hemoglobin binding occurs when temperature___.
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Definition
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Term
| Increased levels of BPG decreases oxygen-hemoglobin binding and is formed in RBCs from ___. Associated with higher ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbon dioxide is transported in 3 forms: |
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Definition
- Dissolved in blood plasma
- carbino compounds
- bicarbonate ions
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Term
Carbino compounds: compounds formed when Co2 binds to various ___ ___ and proteins in the blood plasma. Most of this is in the form of carbinohemoglobins.
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Definition
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Term
CO2 +H2O <-->_____<-->H+ + HCO3-
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Definition
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Term
| Respiratory center are clusters of neurons located in the ___ and ___. Discharge impulses to the diaphragm (through the ___ ___) and intercostal muscles. The basic respiratory rate is established by ___ neurons. |
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Definition
- pons
- medulla
- phrenic nerve
- autorhythmic
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Term
| Chemoreceptors located in the ___ ___ and common carotid arteries are stimulated by changing hydrogen ions, ___ and __ levels. |
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Definition
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Term
Cortical stimulation: The respiratory pattern can be altered by the act of will of ____ stimulation.
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Definition
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Term
| proprioceptor stimulation: Stimulation of these cause (increase/decrease) respiratory activity. |
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Definition
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Term
Inflation reflex: When respiratory tissues are overstretched, ____ is temporarily inhibited so ___ will bring the tissue fibers to a proper length.
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Definition
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Term
Asthma: a chronic inflammation disorder that causes sporadic narrowing (spasms) in the airways (primarily the ____).
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Definition
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Term
| Chronic bronchitis: productive cough with sputum for __ months out of the year for __ years in a row. Causes excess mucous, SOB, and wheezing. |
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Definition
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Term
emphysema: desctruction of ___ walls causing the air space to become increased (causes the surface area of alveoli to ____) Barrel-like chest
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Definition
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Term
| Lung cancer: often caused by chronic ___. has a high rate of metastisis. ___ is the most common cause. Leads to chronic cough, bloody sputum, SOB, chest pain, hoarse throat, difficulty swallowing, weight loss, anorexia, fatigue. |
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Definition
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Term
| pneumonia: accute inflammation of the ___ which fill with fluid causing poor gas exchange. Caused by __. leads to fever, chills, cough, alaise, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. often a secondary infection. |
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Definition
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Term
tuberculosis: caused by ___ ___. primarily affects the lungs. leads to fatigue, weight loss, lethargy, anorexia, night sweats, cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, coughing up blood. High association with ___.
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Definition
- mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Term
| Common cold (coryza): ___ origin. over ___ types. Causes rhinitis, rhinorrhea, sneezing, dry cough, congestion. Can lead to secondary infection |
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Definition
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Term
| cystic fibrosis: a genetic disorder that leads to the production of thickened __ that blocks the passageway of the body. Causes early__. mortality is often due to respiratory failure. |
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Definition
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Term
| lipoprotein: a ___ soluble molecule made up of __ and __ which allows for transport in the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| chilomicron: formed in the ___ cells of the ___ intestine, which transport dietary lipids to hepatocytes and adipocytes. |
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Definition
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Term
| very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL): formed in ___. have low __ content. key fuction is to transport triglycerides to adipocytes for storage, and to muscle for ___ production. Becomes LDLs after depositing TG in adipocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): these are approx _% cholesterol, These deliver cholesterol and other lipids to body cells (for cell membrane repair, hormone production, bile salts production) |
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Definition
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Term
| excess LDLs are depostied in arteries forming ___ plaques. LDLs known as "bad" cholesterol. |
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Definition
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Term
| high-density lipoprotein (HDL): have high __ content. these remove excess cholesterol from cells then transport it to the __. known as the good cholesterol |
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Definition
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Term
| adipocytes store ___ that make up 98% of the body's energy reserve. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lipolysis: the breakdown of triglycerides into ___ __ and cholesterol. glycerol is incorporated into glycolysis. |
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Definition
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Term
| Beta oxidation: occurs in the matrix of the ___, 2 carbons are removed at a time the attached to coenzyme A to form Acetyl CoA. This is fed into the __ cycle. |
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Definition
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Term
| in hepatocytes, 2 acetyl CoA molecules can combine which leads to the formation of __ bodies which then diffuse into the blood stream. Other cells can use these (by reforming Acetyl CoA) in the Krebs cycle. |
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Definition
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Term
| ketosis: increased ketone bodies in the __. Caused by excess __ __. |
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Definition
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