Term
| isotonic muscle contraction |
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Definition
| muscle shorts, causing movement (work) |
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Term
| isometric muscle contraction |
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Definition
| muscle cannot shorten, no work is performed |
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Term
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Definition
does not fatigue easily due to slow sustained contractions
many endplates to each fibers
requires many impulses for impulse contraction |
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Term
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Definition
single motor endplate per fiber
fires all or nothing manner
multiple impulses lead to max force= TETANUS |
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Term
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Definition
| energy from 02 metabolism, lots of myoglobin, contract slowly, does not fatigue, good for sustained repetitive task |
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Term
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Definition
| energy from anaerobic glycolysis, very little myoglobin, contracts faster than O2 can be delievered, fatigues easily, rapid movements of short duration |
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Term
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Definition
| understanding how natural selection has solved problems, especially during transitions |
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Term
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Definition
| inert characteristic of matter that resists change in motion |
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Term
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Definition
| inertial quantity in kg= amount of material |
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Term
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Definition
| change in state of motion of an object |
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Term
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Definition
| special force, mass attracted to center of gravitational body |
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Term
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Definition
| change in position over time |
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Term
| acceleration/deceleration |
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Definition
| rate of change of velocity in a particular direction |
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Term
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Definition
| quality of moving body that resists change in current state of motion (p=mv) |
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Term
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Definition
| application of force parallel to surface within object, often causing displacement |
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Term
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Definition
| force applied where tension occurs on convex surface and compression on concave surface |
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Term
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Definition
| turning, twisting, or rotational effect of a force, causing angular acceleration/displacement |
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Term
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Definition
| perpendicular distance from action line to center of rotation |
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Term
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Definition
| direct distance long structure from point of force to pivot point |
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Term
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Definition
| fulcrum plus 1 or more lever arms |
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Term
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Definition
| overall deformation or change in dimensions |
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Term
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Definition
force per unit area on a given plane
internal reaction forces wihtin a material |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of an object to return to original state after undergoing strain when load is removed |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of object not to return to original state |
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Term
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Definition
| point at which material will fail |
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Term
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Definition
| resistance to bending during static loading |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
majority of body except head
ex. eel/salamander |
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Term
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Definition
1/2 of body
ex. jack/alligator |
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Term
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Definition
tail + some trunk
ex. tuna |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| foot on the ground that develops thrust and acceleration |
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Term
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Definition
| foot removed from ground and advanced in the air |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| combination by which different feet are on the ground |
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Term
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Definition
| % of time during a stride that a particular foot is on the ground |
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Term
| lateral sequence, diagonal couplet |
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Definition
L hind-> L front-> R hind-> R front
duty factor= 0.75
turtles, reptiles, amphibians |
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Term
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Definition
| legs on one side of the body move together & are out of phase with the other side |
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Term
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Definition
diagonal feet move in unison with a suspended phase
reptiles may use w/o suspended phase |
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Term
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Definition
| one hind leg provides thrust, followed by both, then foreleg. and solo foreleg that suspends animal |
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Term
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Definition
2 hind legs thrust almost simulataneously, flight period, forefeet hit apart, second suspended phase
rabbits, squirrels, weasels, a croc! |
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Term
| unguligrade foot pressure |
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Definition
walk on tips of digits with modified terminal phalanx and a claw for a hoof
ex. ungulates |
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Term
| plantigrade foot pressure |
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Definition
soles of feet are on the ground
ex. primates |
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Term
| digitigrade foot pressure |
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Definition
wrists and ankles carried off ground
ex. running carnivores, dinosaurs |
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Term
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Definition
odd toed
perrisodactyls- horses, rhinos, and elephants
central 3rd digit is axis |
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Term
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Definition
odd toed
perrisodactyls- horses, rhinos, and elephants
central 3rd digit is axis |
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Term
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Definition
even toed
arteriodactyls- pigs, deer, camels, cattle
axis between 3rd and 4th digits |
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Term
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Definition
ungulate legs
for-aft leg swing, supination (roll of manus) and bones are lost, fusion occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| feathers that create a slot through which air travels at a greater velocity to prevent seperation on upper wing surface |
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Term
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Definition
large extension, fast contraction, sarcomeres in series
used for low force rapid movement or extensive movement |
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Term
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Definition
short extension but high force
used to start movements, dont bulge much |
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Term
| circular/sphincteral muscles |
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Definition
| constriction/dialation of lumens, surround orifaces |
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Term
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Definition
form outer body tube
derived from somite, lateral plate mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
form outer body tube
derived from somite, lateral plate mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
support gut cavity, walls of heart & blood vessels
derived from splanchic later of lateral plate mesoderm |
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