meristems

-rapidly dividing and differentiating cells in plants

-similar to stem cells in humans

apical meristems

responsible for primary growth

-shoot apical meristem and root apical meristem

-very top and bottom of each is where new cells divide

-bottom (shoot) and top (root) is where new cells produced in top/bottom of meristems elongate and differentiate into primary tissues

 responsible for secondary growth

-increases in the girth of woody plants

anchors plants

absorbs water and nutrients

-composed of stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds

-stems support the leaves where photosynthesis occurs

connection between leaf and stem

-lateral bud comes out of node

-terminal bud comes out of top

dermal tissue

(epidermal cells)

-usually one layer thick

-forms outer covering of plant

-may be covered with protective cuticle

-guard cells

-trichomes

-root hairs

guard cells

-type of dermal tissue 

-2 flank the stomata and control their opening and closing

-help regulate gas and water exchange at stomata

-type of dermal tissue

-hairs that grow out from epidermis

-reduce evaporation

-may prevent herbivory with toxins

-type of dermal tissue

-essentially a trichome on the root

-increases surface area which facilitates water/nutrient uptake

-parenchyma cells

-collenchyma cells

-sclerenchyma cells

-everything that is not vascular tissue or dermal tissue is this

Parenchyma cells

-most common type of primary tissue

-large vacuoles, thin walls

-unspecialized

-most living cells in fruit, leaves, stems, roots

-remain alive after maturity

primary tissue

-flexible

-provide support of plant organs

-usually surround xylem and phloem (vascular tissue)

-form continuous cylinders along leaf veins (around xylem and phloem)

-strings in celery are mostly this

-stay alive after reaching maturity

-type of ground tissue 

-fiber or sclereid cells

-usually die after maturity

-have tough, thick walls

-used for strengthening tissue

-may be branched or in strands

-responsible for gritty texture of a pear

-only in vascular plants such as ferns and seed plants (conifers and angiosperms)

-not in mosses/liverworts

-composed of xylem and phloem

-it's an adaptation related to SA/Vol. ratio

-internal transport enables vascular plants to reach large sizes and live in areas that non-vascular plants can't (desert, high altitudes)

-transports water from and stuff dissolved in water from roots to rest of plant

-tracheids and vessel members

-one way only

-no end walls between cells

-thick walls stiffened with lignin

-type of vascular tissue

-food conductor

-sieve-tube members and companion cells

-transports sugars from leaves (photosynthesis) to rest of plant

tracheids

-type of xylem 

-thick cell walls, more important for support than conduction

-elongate, tapering cell walls

-connect to adjacent tracheids by pits

-water and solutes pass from tracheid to tracheid via pits

vessel members

-type of xylem

-more specialized for transport, not tapered, but flat, so water and nutrients flow through end to end

-may be open-ended or have a few large holes

-shorter and wider than tracheids

-also have pits, some lateral movement

-no membranes between cells, so flow is efficient

-found almost exclusively in angiosperms (flowering plants)

sieve tube members

-type of phloem

-common in angiosperms

-lack nucleus at maturity

-sieve plates at end of cells but have holes so transport is possible

-each has a companion cell

companion cell

-type of phloem

-attached to sieve tube members

-has a nucleus which is thought to control the flow of nutrients through the sieve members

2 major types of angiosperms

monocots and dicots

-one seed leaf (cotyledon)

-parallel-veined leaves

-scattered vascular bundles in stem (but circular in roots with pith in middle)

-floral parts in multiples of three

-fibrous root systems

-most angiosperms are this

-two cotyledons

-net-veined leaves (branched)

-vascular bundles in stem are in a ring (but look like an X in root, no pith)

-floral parts in multiples of four or five

-taproot system

-bamboo

-palms

-lillies

-most shrubs and trees (except conifers)

-many food plants

three kinds of vegetativ organs

-water/mineral uptake

-anchoring to substrate

-storage of starch

cotyledon

primary root

-first root to come out of seedling

fibrous roots

taproots

adventitious roots

-in roots right under epidermal layer

-full of many large intermolecular spaces

-a type of ground tissue

-used for water movement

-may be used for starch storage

inside cortex

-1 cell thick

-around each of these cells is the casparian strip

-water moves through cells but can't move between adjacent cells

-water does not drain out due to c. strip

(Eudicot roots)

pericycle

inside endoderms, one cell thick, branching of roots originates here

-within this lies the vascular tissue

pith

mocot roots have this

eudicot stems have this

-in root and stem, it is inside of xylem and phloem

cypress knees - prevent roots from getting water looged in swamps

prop roots - hold up plant

-may carry out photosynthesis

-pith (dicot) stores nutrients

-mostly for support and transport

-learn terminology on pg. 13 of printout

-simplest organization

-vascular tissue in vascular bundles (not in a ring)

-new bundles added as plants get older

in Monocot stems

-forehead is PHloem

-eyes are xylem (eyes sounds like xye)

also have vascular tissue in bundles

-arranged in ring around vascular cambium

-xylem and phloem surrounded by sheath

-have pith

-no new vascular bundles added

present in eudicot herbaceous and woody stems

-phloem on outside, xylem on inside

-closest to cambium is secondary, farthest is primary

-produces new xylem and phloem

-meristematic region

-phloem near outer layer of tree so girdling a tree can kill it

old (dead) xylem is woody material and can still be used for water transport

-only living phloem works, dead phloem gets crushed

-rings in a tree are xylem

-a stem adaptation

-allow additional gas exchange between tissue just below the bark and outside

know leaf anatomy (pg. 16)

pg 16.

remember pinnate is like a pen

palmate is like the palm of your hand

bulb (onion, potato)

-layers of onions are modified leaves on a modified stem

on leaves, below upper epidermis

-in dicots, have chloroplasts

-monocots usually don't have this

near bottom of leaf

-help stomata with gas exchange, and passage of water

site of gas exchange on leaf

-guard cells make vagina looking thing

-epidermal cells surround guard cells

spines on cactus (cactus pad is modified stem)

venus fly trap

very center of root

contains vascular tissue and sometimes a pith

cortex

maturation region

elongation region

meristematic region

root cap

part of a compound leaf

green and lie under petal (pretty much looks like a  leaf to me)

male reproductive organ of flower

-composed of anther (brown part) and filament (stalk)

brown part of stamen

-on top

pollen grains

pistil

female reproductive part of a plant

-wet part on end is stigma

-stalk is style

wet part of pistil