Term
POLYGENIC TRAITS
Polygenic Traits |
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Definition
MAIN:Expressed Phenotypically
1. Are multifactorial
2. The results of complex environmental forces interacting with several genes over a lifetime, especially during growth
3. They produce a continuous line of phenotypic traits in a species. |
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Term
POLYGENIC TRAITS
A continuous line of phenotypic traits are used by the public to_____________________________________________________. |
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Definition
| Identify individuals into specific populations (race). We have the need to create groupings. Most simple groups are "us vs them" |
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Term
POLY GENIC TRAITS
Cultural Traits |
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Definition
1. Are also used to create groupings
2.Ex: Skin color, face form, body size, head shape, nose form
3. These traits are used historically to define race groupings (IQ to Asians, Parenting Emotions to African American, Clothing to All Races)
4. This is all FOLK TAXONOMY |
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Term
POLYGENIC TRAITS
Folk Taxonomy |
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Definition
MAIN: something they grew up hearing, that turns into a defining characteristic
1. Race is Folk Taxonomy
2. (IQ to Asians, Parenting Emotions to African American, Clothing to All Races) is Folk Taxonomy
3. Saber-Tooth Tiger is Folk Taxonomy |
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Term
BODY SIZE
The adult height range is ___ft to ___ft. |
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Definition
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Term
BODY SIZE
Some populations show higher frequencies of ___ or ___ members in their population. |
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Definition
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Term
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
Sexual Dimorphism expression of ___ ___ or ___ which differs by sex. |
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Definition
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Term
BODY SIZE
Males on average are ___ than females. |
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Definition
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Term
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
The main sexual dimorphism is that woman ___ ___. |
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Definition
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Term
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
Sexual dimorphism can help us when we are trying to 1.______________ and 2.__________________. |
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Definition
1. observe and learn things about our anncestors and extinct species.
and
2.study bone structure to determine if the thing is male or female |
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Term
LUCY AND MODERN HUMANS
Christopher B. Ruff |
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Definition
1. Wrote about SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
2. Climatic Adaptation and Hominid Evolution:the thermoregulatory imperative
i. published in evolutionary anthropology: issues, news and reviews
3. published in Evolutionary Anthropology |
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Term
BODY SIZE
Body size is ___ ___ surrounding a difficulty in defining race. |
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Definition
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Term
BODY WEIGHT
Normal humans range from ___lbs to ___lbs or more. |
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Definition
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Term
BODY WEIGHT
Body weight depends on___ and ___ ___. |
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Definition
| diet and genetic factors. |
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Term
BODY WEIGHT
A change to high carbs or high fat diet will lead to more obese individuals, the countries, people and areas that have these diets are___ ___, ___, ___, ___ ___, ___ ___, and ___. |
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Definition
| North America, Australlia, Islanders, American Blacks, poor Whites, and Hispanics. |
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Term
BODY WEIGHT and BODY SIZE
There may be a relationship of climate to ___ ___ ___ and___. |
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Definition
| average body size and weight |
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Term
BODY WEIGHT and BODY SIZE
Bergman's Rule |
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Definition
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Term
BODY WEIGHT and BODY SIZE
Allen's Rule |
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Definition
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Term
BODY WEIGHT and BODY SIZE
1. Tall slender folks tend to be found in ___ ___ ___.
2. Short stocky people tend to be found in ___ ___.
3. This has to do with___ ___ ___ and ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___. |
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Definition
1. hot dry climates
2. colder climates
3. surface volume ratios and the ability to stay warm or cool |
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Term
GENETICS OF SKIN COLOR
1. Skin color is a ___ trait.
2. This means ___ ___ ___ are involved to determine skin color |
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Definition
1. polygenic trait.
2. multiple genetic loci |
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Term
GENETICS OF SKIN COLOR
Multiple genes working together to produce a continuous distribution in a "___ ___" curve of degress of lights to dark |
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Definition
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Term
GENETICS OF SKIN COLOR
1. Early models suggested ___ or ___ major genes.
2. Recent work suggests ___ genes working together in very complex ___ and __-___ combinations. |
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Definition
1. 2 or 4 major genes
2. many genes:::addictive and non-addictive combinations |
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Term
SKIN
Skin is the body's ___ ___. |
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Definition
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Term
SKIN
Skin functions in many ways 1.___ 2.___ 3.___ 4.___ |
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Definition
1. Thermoregulation
2. Protection from physical and chemical injury
3. Protection from invasion of microorganisms
4. Manufactures essential nutrients. |
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Term
HUMAN SKIN
The human skin has 2 layers the ___ and the ___. |
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Definition
| the dermis and the epidermis |
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Term
HUMAN SKIN
1. The inner layer of the skin is the ___ layer.
2. It consists of thick ___ ___.
3. It contains ___ ___, ___, ___ ___, and ___ ___. |
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Definition
1. dermis layer
2. thick collagen fibers
3. blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles and sweat glands |
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Term
HUMAN SKIN
1. The outer layer is a thin protective layer called the ___.
2. It protects from ___ ___, specific ___ ___ and it has ___ sublayers. |
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Definition
1. the epidermis
2. solar radiation, specific ultraviolet light:::::: 4 sub-layers |
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Term
POLYGENIC TRAITS
Polygenic traits are a factor that makes humans able to ___ to so many different enviroments. |
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Definition
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Term
BODY SIZE
An example of populations shoing higher frequencies of tall or short members is _______________________________. |
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Definition
| is the Congo (Mbuti) pygmies are very short yet they live 2 to 3 hundred miles from the tallest African population (Tutsi) who are considered to be on average the tallest human population. |
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Term
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
Sexual dimorphism is based on averages and example would be that ____________. |
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Definition
| there can be woman larger than some men. |
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Term
LUCY AND MODERN HUMANS
When we look at the body size of ancestral hominids we see certain aspects of body size that we can associate with how that hominid was ___ to their ___'s ___. |
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Definition
| was adapting to their environment's conditions. |
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Term
BODY WEIGHT
The more slender you are the less surface area you will have and you will be able to ___ ___ more efficiently. |
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Definition
| shed heat more efficiently. |
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Term
BODY WEIGHT
1.Canada body weight average is ___lbs for women and ___lbs for men.
2. In Finland it is ___lbs for women and ___lbs for men.
3. In UK it is ___lbs for women and ___lbs for men.
4. In USA it is ___lbs for women and ___lbs for men |
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Definition
1. 145lbs women and 175lbs for men
2. 145-175 for women and 181lbs for men
3. 147lbs for women and 176lbs for men
4. 163lbs for women and 185lbs for men |
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Term
BODY WEIGHT
Being overweight causes 1. __________ and affects 2. ________. |
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Definition
1. constricition of the internal organs
2. affects the body's ability to work efficiently |
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Term
GENETICS OF SKIN
When skin manufactures essential nutrients, ____ __ is ____ by the ___ using ____ or __ ___. |
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Definition
| Vitamin D is synthesized by the skin using sunlight or UV radiation. |
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Term
BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO SOLAR RADIATION
Solar radiation comes from the ___. |
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Definition
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Term
BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO SOLAR RADIATION
1. Much of solar radiation is blocked out by the ___ ___.
2. The ozone layer shields us from ___ ___.
3. Short wavelengths are considered to be ___nm or shorter |
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Definition
1. ozone layer
2. short wavelengths
3. 290nm or shorter |
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Term
BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO SOLAR RADIATION
Solar radiation that falls between 1.___nm to 1.___nm effects humans by providing 2.___ and 2.___, helping to synthesize 3.____ __, and creates 4.___ changes in skin 4.___. |
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Definition
1. 290nm-315nm wavelengths
2. light and heat
3. vitamin D
4. creates homonal changes in skin pigmentation |
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Term
TANNING
1.immediate tanning occurs __ to __ minutes after exposure to the sun.
2. when immediate tanning occurs the skin becomes ___-___.
3. Delayed tanning occurs after new ___ are produced and happens ___ to ___ hours after exposure. |
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Definition
1. 5 to 10 minutes after
2. hyper-pigmented
3. new melanin:::: 48 to 72 hours after |
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Term
BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO SOLAR RADIATION
1. The only protection for skin applies to ____ __ rays.
2. These cause ______.
3. Ultraviolet A rays are associated with ___. |
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Definition
1. Ultraviolet B rays.
2. sunburn
3. skin cancer |
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Term
BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO SOLAR RADIATION
Most dermatologists recommend a broad spectrum to protect against UV rays, water resistant sunscreen of SPF __ or higher every ___ hours while outside. |
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Definition
| SPF 30 or higher every 2 hours while outside |
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Term
BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO SOLAR RADIATION
The FDA will prohibit sunscreen marketing claims like ___ ___ and ___ ___ which the agency said are exaggeration of performance. |
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Definition
| water proof and sun proof |
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Term
BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO SOLAR RADIATION
1.2.3.Last year ____ people in the US had ___ (most dangerous skin cancer). and an estimated ___ died.
4. Nearly ___ ___ ___ is spent each year treating this disease |
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Definition
1. 68130 had 2. melanoma
3. 8700 died
4. 2 billion dollars |
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Term
OSTEOMALCIA
1.Rickets is prevented by providing ____ __ in milk products to prevent any deficiencies.
2. Osteomalacia is___________. |
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Definition
1.Vitamin D
2. The softening of the bones due to lack of vitamin D or someone who had rickets as a child. |
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Term
BLOOD and KARL LANDSTEINER
1.Karl Landsteiner came up with the ___ ___ ___ which is __, __, ___, and ___.
2. Genotypes he discovered were __,__,__,__,__.
3. Antibodies discovered were __,__,__,__,__,. |
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Definition
1. blood classification system which is A,B, AB,O.
2. AA, AO,BB,BO,ABOO
3. Anti-B, Anti-A, non, Anti-B, Anti-A. |
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Term
KARL LANDSTEINER and BLOOD
Karl Landsteiner discovered When blood types mix, it will cause a ___ of the ___ which cause __ __ aka death. |
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Definition
| rejection of the blood which causes blood clots aka death |
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Term
KARL LANDSTEINER and BLOOD
Worked on both ___ system (1900) and RH antigen system(1930) |
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Definition
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Term
KARL LANDSTEINER and BLOOD
He discovery that you cannont mix blood showed that in order to recieve a blood transfusion you must recieve ___ from an individual of a ____ blood type |
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Definition
| you must recieve blood from an individual of a compatible blood type |
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Term
LANDSTEINER AND THE RH ANTIGEN SYSTEM
Erythroblastosis fetalis is ___ ___ ___ |
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Definition
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Term
LANDSTEINER AND THE RH ANTIGEN SYSTEM
1.Rh disease is rare today because mothers who are Rh ___ recieve injection with a drug called ___.
2. Rhogam removes Rh positive ___ cells from mothers blood steam before her body recognizes and begins making ___.
3. All mothers who are Rh negative receive a shot of Rhogam at __ weeks pregnant.
4. This occurs when father is Rh__ and the mother is Rh__. |
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Definition
1. negative::: Rhogam
2.fetal cells:::: antibodies
3.28 weeks
4.father Rh+ and mother is Rh- |
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Term
BLOOD
Blood transfusions started in the ___ ___ era. |
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Definition
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Term
RH ANTIGEN SYSTEM
Placenta helps prevent___ to the fetus by the mother's immune system rejecting the Rh-. |
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Definition
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Term
HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN SYSTEM
HLA system is responsible for ___ rejection |
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Definition
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Term
HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN SYSTEM
The most compatible donar for organ transplant possible would be ___ ___ derived from your own ___ cells. |
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Definition
| cloned organs:::: stem cells |
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Term
HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN SYSTEM
1.May have as many as ___ million different genotypes (if we were_________________)
2. Therefore, this is a fallacy to construct racial groups based on ___ |
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Definition
1. 30 million:::classifying individuals based on genetic racial groups it would mean 30 different races.
2. genetics |
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Term
HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN SYSTEM
HLA system is found on chromosome #__ |
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Definition
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Term
HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN SYSTEM
HLA is an important part of the ___ ___. |
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Definition
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Term
HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN SYSTEM
The immune system operates ___ the ___. |
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Definition
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Term
HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN SYSTEM
Certain sites where the cells of the immune system are organized into specific structures are classified as ___ lymphoid tissue and ___ lymphoid tissue. |
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Definition
| central lymphoid tissue and peripheral lymphoid tissue |
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Term
HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN SYSTEM
Examples of central lymphoid tissue would be________. |
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Definition
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Term
HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN SYSTEM
Examples of peripheral lymphoid tissue would be________. |
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Definition
| lymph nodes, spleen, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue |
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Term
HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN SYSTEM
White blood cells and Red blood cells are important to these antigen systems because______________________. |
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Definition
| white blood cells contain the DNA in blood not the red; so it is a myth that blood automatically gives DNA information, it only does so if they are able to extract it from your white blood cells found within the blood. |
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Term
HUMAN ADAPTABILITY AND VARIATION
Biological plasticity is_____________. |
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Definition
| an organism changing their biology to respond to changes in the enviroment. |
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Term
HUMAN ADAPTABILITY AND VARIATION
The International Biological Program of ___(year) studied ___ (terrain) and ___ enviroments |
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Definition
| 1964:::nonbiotic and biotic enviroments |
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Term
HUMAN ADAPTABILITY AND VARIATION
1.Questions posed by IB program of 1964 were ___,___,___,__
2. The issues were ___,___,___,___. |
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Definition
1. longevity, fecundity, development, spatial patterns
2. interactions of disease, diet, climate, physical activity |
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Term
HUMAN ADAPTABILITY AND VARIATION
The reason anthropologist study adaptation using native populations is that technology will buffer humans from climatic or enviromental factors and the ___ ___ or not easily seen |
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Definition
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Term
| Ecological researches will focus on___,___,___ process of the body that may reflect how our body adjusts to living conditions or environmental changes. |
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Definition
| morphology,physiology, biochemical |
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Term
HUMAN ADAPTABILITY AND VARIATION
Adaptation is ___________ |
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Definition
1.a process by which an organism has adjusted to an environment
2.the adjustment could be temporary or permanent
3. it may involve physiological, structural, behavioral, or cultural changes that end up helping the organism to face the stresses |
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Term
HUMAN ADAPTABILITY AND VARIATION
Acclimatization is_______ |
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Definition
| 1. changes that occur during the life time, may include developmental adaptation |
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Term
ACCLIMATIZATION
1. Intial homeostatic response
2. Reversible acclimitization
3. Irreversible acclimatization
4. Genetic response |
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Definition
1.sweating or shivering
2. increase in metabolic rate
3. developmental, fetal adjustment
4.Natural Selection |
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Term
HUMAN ADAPTABILITY AND VARIATION
Acclimation refers to |
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Definition
| experimental stresses, subjected in lab conditions: Single stress related strains |
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Term
HUMAN ADAPTABILITY AND VARIATION
Habituation is the |
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Definition
| gradual reduction of response to repeated stimulations. this depends on learning and conditioning |
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Term
HUMAN ADAPTABILITY AND VARIATION
Cultural adaptation is the |
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Definition
| non-biological responses to modifying or lessening of environmental stress. Like wearing a jacket in the winter |
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Term
HUMAN ADAPTABILITY AND VARIATION
Accommodations are |
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Definition
| responses to stress that are not wholly successful in the long term but maybe for the short term, and it may allow for the person dealing with one problem at the expense of other problems |
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Term
HUMAN ADAPTABILITY AND VARIATION
Genetic adaptation is based on |
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Definition
| heritable characteristics that favor the survival of an individual in particular environments. (Natural selection and Darwinian evolution) |
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Term
| HIGH ALTITUDE STRESS OF HUMANS LIVING 10-17000 FEET ARE.....12345 |
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Definition
1.Low barometric pressure, hypoxia
2.Arid land, low crop productivity, dietary malnutrition
3. cold weather
4.solar radiation is high, so are winds, low humidity
5.Variable topography, vertical use of the landscape (farm) |
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Term
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Definition
| high altitude studies of the Quechaun people of Peru |
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Term
PHYSICAL ADAPTATION
Physical adaptation is mostly ___ ___ which is developmental |
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Definition
| irreversible acclimatization |
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Term
PHYSICAL ADAPTATION LIVING HIGH
An example of PHYSICAL ADAPTATION is enlargement of the capillary bed of the ___ |
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Definition
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Term
PHYSICAL ADAPTATION LIVING HIGH
___% more RBC to carry oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
PHYSICAL ADAPTATION LIVING HIGH
Enlargement of ___ size |
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Definition
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Term
PHYSICAL ADAPTATION LIVING HIGH
Increase in ___ capacity |
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Definition
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Term
PHYSICAL ADAPTATION LIVING HIGH
Delayed growth to ___ years. |
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Definition
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Term
PHYSICAL ADAPTATION LIVING HIGH
Eat carbs to enhance ___ as they work |
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Definition
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Term
PHYSICAL ADAPTATION LIVING HIGH
Chew coca leaves to increase ____ rates |
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Definition
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Term
LIVING HIGH IN MOUNTAINS
multiple ___ of clothes |
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Definition
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Term
LIVING HIGH IN MOUNTAINS
Freeze dry traditional technology for ___ |
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Definition
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Term
LIVING HIGH IN MOUNTAINS
Llamas for ___ |
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Definition
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Term
LIVING HIGH IN MOUNTAINS
skin pigmentation to be darker because of the ____ making them closer to the sun |
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Definition
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Term
LIVING HIGH IN MOUNTAINS
Vertical landscaping/___ |
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Definition
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Term
LIVING HIGH IN MOUNTAINS
Subterranean huts traditionally made for ___ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
INUIT
traditional clothing made of ___ and ___ skin |
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Definition
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Term
INUIT
Live in ___ and have no ___ |
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Definition
| igloos and have no competetition |
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Term
INUIT
These people duel in___ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
INUIT
Hunt ___ in their breathing holes |
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Definition
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Term
OBESITY AND NUTRITION
State government has been ___ to respond to this health crisis. |
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Definition
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Term
OBESITY AND NUTRITION
There are currently ___ types of legislations that have been introduced for this problem in some states. |
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Definition
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Term
OBESITY AND NUTRITION
Nutrition standard is |
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Definition
| Controlling the types of foods and beverages offered during school hours |
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Term
BMI
Bmi is known as the ______ and is measured in school |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Anorexia nervosa is a disorder characterized by dilberate weight loss inuced or sustained by the patient. this disorder occurs mostly in women but adolescent boys and young men may be affected as well. It is an attempt to use food and weight to deal with_______ problems |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lack of key element in the diet |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| protein and calorie defieincy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Acute and chronic malnutrition during growth effects children who survived malnutrtion, but their adult biology include... |
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Definition
| retarded brain growth and possible problems with brain functions (mental disabilities) |
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Term
MALNUTRITION
PCM occurs in realiation to diets that are based only in ___ deficiency on protein and calorie deficiency |
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Definition
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Term
MALNUTRITION
Marasmus is the exhaustion of protein and calorie stores results from chronic reduction of all nutrients associated with starvation levels. Can start during the ___ period |
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Definition
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Term
MALNUTRITION
Kwashiorkor caused by acute protein deficiency associated with and adequate calorie intake. Bio effects include.... |
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Definition
| loss of hair pigmentation, reduced brain weight, body weight, and skin problems |
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Term
| Malnutrition also affects kids ability to deal with___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Human body store 1500 to 3000mg of Vitamin C. it is recomenneded that human eat at least __mg per day |
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Definition
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Term
| FERTILLITY-MORTALITY PLUS OR MINUS MIGRATION RATES= POPULATION GROWTH POTENTIAL |
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Definition
| FERTILLITY MINUS MORTALITY PLUS OR MINUS MIGRATION RATES= POPULATION GROWTH POTENTIAL |
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Term
| Malaria is a ___ infection |
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Definition
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Term
| Malaria symptoms can develop as early as 8 days after intial exposure or even ___ later |
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Definition
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Term
| Work done by biomedical anthropologists and epidemiologists are... |
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Definition
| disease patterns and their relation to human adaptation |
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Term
| Infectious disease can be obtained from |
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Definition
| foreign objects, microbes, fungus, virus, bacteria, or parasites |
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Term
| Measles and small pox are examples of ___ infections |
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Definition
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Term
| Diabetes is a ____ and ____ illness caused by genes and behavior |
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Definition
| non-fectious and non-contagious |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fleas infected with bacteria Yersinia pestis. and people get bit by the fleas |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1918 influenza event or bird flu |
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Term
| 1918 influenza pandemic ranks as the larges and most destructive outbreak of an infectious disease, killing __ to __ million people worldwide |
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Definition
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Term
| Demography is the study of... and is critical science for planning accordingly for the future |
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Definition
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Term
| Educational attainment is very critical factor in accounting for lifetime ___ differentials |
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Definition
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Term
| Women with 1 or more years of college have sharply lower lifetime ___ than less educated women, regardless of race |
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Definition
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Term
| Mortality is a measure of the... |
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Definition
| frequency and timing of death |
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Term
| If everyone on the planet lived like americans we would need... |
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Definition
| 3 more planets worth of resources to sustain our consumption of raw material and energy |
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Term
Skeletal BIOLOGY
Race is confused with ethnicity which is a cultural contruct and cannot be applied to ___. |
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Definition
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Term
RACE
it is a biological concept used by biologist to describe the variation seem in a species, this is often know as ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| The human species is ___ ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Polymorphic is having multiple alleles of a gene within a population usually expressing different ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Polygenic the inheritance of phenotypic characteristic that varies in degree and can be attributed to the interactions beween two or more ___ and their enviroment |
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Definition
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Term
| Polytypic is having multiple subunits aka______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Latino generally refers to countries or cultures that were once under Roman rule. this includes |
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Definition
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Term
| Brazillians are considered to be Latino but are not considered to be ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Blumenbach developed the concept of race to support his position on ____ |
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Definition
| mongenism(one creation of humankind) |
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Term
| Morton did ____ studies of human races and is from Philly. |
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Definition
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Term
Paul Broca studied ___ to determine IQ
he claimed women's brains were smaller and were not as smart as men |
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Definition
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Term
| Binet was commissioned by the French government to develop a method to identify ____ children that were in need of special education |
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Definition
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Term
CHARLES DAVENPORT
He was the leader of the first ______. |
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Definition
Eugenic movement in the USA
Eugenics is social phiosophy, which advocated teh improvement of human hereditary traits |
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Term
CHARLES DAVENPORT
He was the leader of the first ______. |
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Definition
Eugenic movement in the USA
Eugenics is social phiosophy, which advocated teh improvement of human hereditary traits |
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|
