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| a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. (straight from book) |
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Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning |
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-occurs by association between events in our environment
-Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence
-In other words, when one event precedes another we learn to associate one event with the other.
ex. pavlov's dogs |
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| Pavlov's dogs was an example of... |
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There are two unrelated stimuli (bell and food)
Food (US) produces salivation (UR).
The tone (NS) does not produce salivation (UR).Tone (NS) and Food (US) are paired resulting in salivation (UR).
After conditioning NS becomes conditioned stimulus (now CS) and elicits salivation (now Conditioned Response, CR) |
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| In one of Pavlov's studies, he trained a dog to salivate in response to a buzzer by repeatedly sounding a buzzed before placing food in the dog's mouth. The buzzer became a(n) __________, and the salivation to the sound of the buzzer became a(n) __________. |
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Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned response |
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| Stimulus-Stimulus Learning |
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Learning to associate one stimulus to another
lighting followed by thunder example |
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| The inital stage in classical conditioning during which association between a neutral stimulus and a Unconditioned Stimulus takes place. |
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| loss of the conditioning if you stop pairing the two stimulus |
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| after a rest period an extinguished CR spontaneously recovers |
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| tendency to respond to stimuli similar to CS is called generalization. or the tendency to respond to stimuli not present during training. |
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| the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimulit that do not signal a US |
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by John B watson
showing that classical conditioning was learned in an infant
phobias are a conditioned emotional response |
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| The phenomena in which a conditioned response reoccurs when the CS is presented after a period of extinction is called: |
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| Operant conditioning vs. Classical Conditioning |
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Classical- forms associations between stimuli ( CS & US)
Operant - forms associations between behaviors and resulting events |
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a behavior that operates on the environment producing a rewarding or punishing stimuli
BEHAVIOR FOCUSED |
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| Thorndike's law of effect |
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| Behavior with good consequences tend to repeat whereas behaviors with bad consequences are not repeated |
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| Study of rat pressing lever to receive reward |
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any event that increases the future probability a behavior will occur (strengthens the behavior it follows)
REINFORCEMENT ALWAYS INCREASES BEHAVIOR |
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add a desirable stimulus
ex. getting a hug, receiving a paycheck |
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Removing an aversive stimulus
ex. fastening seatbelt to remove beeping |
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| innately reinforcing stimulus like food or drink |
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| conditioned or secondary reinforcer |
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is a learned reinforcer. it gets its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcer
ex. money, grades, attention |
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| 3 types of Secondary Reinforcers |
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Definition
Social (attention, praise, smiles, hugs)
Activity (Games, toys, recess)
Token (Money, Grades, Points, Stars) |
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a reinforcer that occurs closely to a behavior in time.
ex. rat gets food when presses lever |
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a reinforcer that is delayed in time for a certain behavior,
ex. a paycheck at the end of a work week |
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Fixed Interval (Set time)
Variable Interval (Random Time)
Fixed Ratio (Set Number of times)
Variable Ratio (random number of times) |
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| Which reinforcement schedule produces the highest rate in responding (i.e., more instances of the target behavior)? |
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Operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior closer towards target behavior through successive approximations.
Ex. Skinner getting pigeon to turn around |
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| Reinforcement and Punishment Rules |
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Reinforcement- Strengthening behavior
Punishment- Weakens behavior
Positive- adding something
negative- removing something |
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administer an aversive stimulus
ex. spanking, parking ticket |
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withdraw a desirable stimulus
ex. time out from privileges, revoke drivers license |
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Kid calls mom a curse word..
Mom spanks him is?
take away laptop is?
Gave him timeout is? |
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Definition
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
negative punishment |
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| A teenager misses her curfew and has the keys to the family car taken away from her for a week; she doesn’t miss curfew again. An child gets his favorite toy taken away for throwing a tantrum in the store. Tantrum throwing is decreased. Both of these examples illustrate the use of a |
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signals as to which behavior will be reinforced or punished
ex. skinner using lights and colored discs |
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a breakdown in learning ability caused by repeated exposure to uncontrollable aversive events
ex. dog w/ electric floor example |
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| the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior.. you can strengthen or weaken behavior |
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| type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with token (treats for dogs) |
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| a form of mild punishment by removal in which a misbehaving animal, child or adult is placed in a special area away from the attention of others. |
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| Cognitive Learning theory |
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| the idea of that you choose to do something not because it is reinforced but simply because you choose to do so. |
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is when an organism learns something in its life but the knowledge is not immediately expressed.
ex. rats in maze going through maze faster when the cheese is at the end |
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learning through observation and imitating others
human have mirror neurons that activate when they are observationally learning |
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| Knowing the location of the alternative entrances into a building without having ever used them before is an example of: |
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| John Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment is a classic example of… |
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| Which researcher conducted conditioning experiments with punishing and rewarding rats in a box? |
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An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate.
1)Type of Learning?
2)what is the drug?
3)what is the increased HR? |
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Definition
1) Stimulus- Stimulus Learning and Classical conditioning
2) Unconditioned Stimulus
3) Unconditioned Response |
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Which of the following statements about conditioning is false, according to Pavlov?
The CS and UCS must come together close in time
The CS must come immediately after the UCS
The neutral stimulus and UCS must be paired several times before conditioning takes place
The CS is usually some rather distinctive stimulus |
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| The CS must come immediately after the UCS |
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| The use of a strong CS to create a second CS is called ______. |
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Definition
| Higher Order conditioning |
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| Operant conditioning involves an association between… |
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| Voluntary behavior and its consequences |
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A lion trainer teaches a lion to stand up on a chair and jump through a hoop by giving him a treat every time he successfully completes the action 5 times in a row.
The treat the lion receives is?
what schedule is his reinforcement? |
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Definition
Positive Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio |
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| Dog shock collars, which give the animal a painful electrocution every time they walk outside a designated area, are an example of what? |
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