Ps

PRESSURE OF AIR BELOW VOCAL FOLDS

SLOW, CONTROLLED EXHALATION THAT ALLOWS CONSTANT SUBGLOTTAL AIR PRESSURE REQUIRED FOR PHONATION

HELPS GO PAST RESERVE

ALLOWS FOR SUSTAINED PHONATION

ADDITUS

VESTIBULE

RIMA VESTIBULI

LARYNGEAL VENTRICAL/SINUS

                                LARYNGEAL SACCULE

GLOTTIS

COMPONENTS OF THE HYOID BONE

BE ABLE TO LABEL

CORPUS/BODY

GREATER CORNU

LESSER CORNU

LARYNX

MUSCULOCARTILAGIOUS STRUCTURE

3 PAIRED AND 3 UNPAIRED CARTILAGES

PAIRED:                                   UNPAIRED:

ARYTENOIDS                             THYROID

CORNICULATES                          CRICOID

CUNEIFORMS                             EPIGLOTTIS 

FEATURES OF LARYNX CARTILAGES

THYROID

UNPAIRED

SHIELD SHAPED, LARGEST CARTILAGE

MEN:TILTED FORWARD 90 DEGREE MAKES ADAM'S APPLE

WOMEN:120 DEGREE ANGLE

ATTACHMENT SITE FOR THE THYROARYTENOIDS

OPENS POSTERIORLY

CONSISTS OF : 

    THYROID LAMINA

    THYROID ANGLE

    THYROID NOTCH

    SUPERIOR CORNUA

    INFERIOR CORNUA

    OBLIQUE LINE

FEATURES OF LARYNX CARTILAGES

ARYTENOID

PAIRED

THREE SIDED PYRAMID

HAS A:

BASE-ARTICULATES W/SUPERIOR POSTERIOR ASPECT OF THE CRICOID

VOCAL PROCESS-ATTACHMENT SITE FOR VOCALIS BUNDLE OF THYROARYTENOID MUSCLE

MUSCULAR PROCESS-ATTACHMENT POINT FOR OTHER MUSCLES

CORNICULATES - SIT ATOP APICES

CUNEIFORMS - ANTEROLATERAL TO CORNICULATES 

FEATURES OF THE LARYNX CARTILAGES

CRICOID

FORMS THE BASE OF THE LARYNX

 ARTICULATES W/ THE 1ST RING OF THE TRACHEA

SMALLER THAN THE THYROID RIDGE BUT THICKER

SIGNET-RING SHAPED

    ANTERIOR ARCH

    POSTERIOR QUADRATE LAMINA

    RIDGE AT MIDLINE-POINTS OF INSERTION FOR ESOPHOGUS AND PCA 

FEATURES OF LARYNX CARTILAGES

CORNICULATES & CUNEIFORMS

o    PROVIDE STABILITY TO ARYEPIGLOTTIC FOLDS

§  EPIGLOTTIS TO ARYTENOIDS

o    CORNICULATE CARTILAGES

§  SIT ATOP APICES OF ARYTENOIDS

o    CUNEIFORM CARTILAGES

§  ANTEROLATERAL TO CORNICULATES

FEATURE OF LARYNX CARTILAGES

EPIGLOTTIS

LEAF SHAPED

MADE UP OF :

    CORPUS- BROAD PORTION

    PETIOLUS- SLENDER STALK

ATTACHMENTS:

    GLOSSOEPIGLOTTIC FOLDS

    HYOEPIGLOTTIC LIGAMENT

    THYROEPIGLOTTIC LIGAMENT

EPIGLOTTIS ATTACHMENT

·         ATTACH TO TONGUE ANTERIORLY

o    MEDIAL AND LATERAL ATTACHMENTS

·         VALLECULAE- BECAUSE OF LATERAL AND MEDIAL ATTACHMENTS YOU HAVE POCKETS

EPIGLOTTIS ATTACHMENT

·         ATTACHES CORPUS OF EPIGLOTTIS TO CORPUS OF HYOID BONE

·         ADIPOSSE TISSUE – CUSHY TISSUE BETWEEN THE TWO

EPIGLOTTIS ATTACHMENT

·         PETIOLUS TO POSTERIOR ASPECT OF THYROID NOTCH

2 PAIRS

CRICOTHYROID

CRICOARYTENOID

LARYNGEAL JOINT

CRICOID & INFERIOR CORNU OF THYROID CARTILAGE

SYNOIAL/DIARTHRODIAL: PIVOT JOINT - THYROID PIVOT AROUND THE CRICOID

F:  ALLOWS CHANGE IN PITCH

HELD IN PLACE BY CERATOCRICOID LIGAMENTS

(CERATO- REMINDS OF HORNS OF THYROID)

CRICOARYTENOID

LARYNJEAL JOINT

BASE OF ARYTENOID & SUPERIOR SURFACE POSTERIOR QUADRATE LAMINA

SYNOVIAL/DIARTHRODIAL SADDLE JOINT-ROCKING/GLIDING MOVEMENT OF ARYTENOIDS

POSTERIOR CRICOARYTENOID LIGAMENT (LIMITS FORWARD MOVEMENT)

ANTERIOR CRICOARYTENOID LIGAMENT (LIMITS BACKWARD MOVEMENT)

LARYNGEAL MEMBRANES

INTRINSIC                                   EXTRINSIC

ELASTIC MEMBRANE                     THYROHYOID

    *QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE   HYOEPIGLOTTIC

    *CONUS ELASTICUS                 GLOSSOEPIGLOTTIC

ARYEPIGLOTTIC MEMBRANE          CRICOTRACHEAL

EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MEMBRANE

CONNECTS THYROID LAMINA AND THE HYOID BONE

THICKENS MEDIALLY AND LATERALLY

CONSISTS OF: LATERAL THYROHYOID LIGAMENT AND MEDIAN THYROHYOID LIGAMENT

EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MEMBRANE

UNPAIRED ELASTIC LIGAMENT

BONDS LINGUAL (ANTERIOR) SURFACE OF EPIGLOTTIS TO CORPUS OF HYOID BONE

EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MEMBRANE

CONNECTS EPIGLOTTIS TO TONGUE BASE

CREATES VALLECULAE (VALLEY OR POCKETS)

EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MEMBRANE

CONNECTS CRICOID TO SUPERIOR TRACHEAL RING

INFERIOR ANCHOR FOR LARYNX

INTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MEMBRANE

MADE UP OF:  QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE (SUPERIOR)

& CONUS ELASTICUS (INFERIOR)

INTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MEMBRANE

SUPERIOR PART OF ELASTIC MEMBRANE

ARYEPIGLOTTIC FOLDS-SUPERIOR BOUNDARY

FALSE VOCAL FOLDS-INFERIOR BORDER (AKA VENTRICULAR/VESTUBULAR FOLDS)

(AKA: CRICOTHYROID MEMBRANE/LIGAMENT/ CRICOVOCAL MEMBRANE)

INTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MEMBRANE

VOCAL LIGAMENTS-SUPERIOR BOUNDARY

INNER TISSUES THAT COMPRISE TRUE VOCAL FOLDS

MEDIAL AND LATERAL CRICOTHYROID LIGAMENTS

INFERIOR BOUNDARY - ENDS AT THE 1ST TRACHEAL RING

COVERS INTERNAL LARYNX BELOW VOCAL FOLDS

F:  TO BIND THYROID, CRYCOID AND ARYTENOID CARTILAGES

INTRINSIC - ORIGIN AND INSERTION WITHIN LARYNX

EXTRINSIC - ONLY 1 ATTACHMENT WITHIN LARYNX

MAJOR POSITIONAL ADJUSTMENTS OF LARYNX(ELEVATE, DEPRESS)

OFTEN WORK W/ARTICULATORY MUSCLES

OFTEN USED FOR SWALLOWING PROCESSES

THYROARYTENOIDS

POSTERIOR CRICOARYTENOIDS

LATERAL CRICOARYTENOIDS

OBLIQUE ARYTENOIDS

TRANSVERSE ARYTENOIDS

CRICOTHYROIDS

2 BUNDLES

THYROVOCALIS MUSCLE (MEDIAL BUNDLE)

THYROMUSCULARIS MUSCLE (LATERAL BUNDLE)

GENERAL ATTACHEMENTS & FUNCTION:

O: ANGLE OF THYROID

I:  ARYTENOID

F:  TENSE VOCAL FOLDS

THYROARYTENOID MEDIA BUNDLE

O:ANGLE OF THYROID, POSTERIOR SURFACE

I:LATERO-INFERIOR ASPECT OF VOCAL PROCESS OF ARYTENOID

THYROARYTENOID LATERAL BUNDLE

O:  ANGLE OF THYROID, POSTERIOR SURFACE

I:  FOVEA OBLONGA (OVAL DEPRESSION) AND BASE OF ARYTENOIDS

VOCALIS MUSCLE

MEDIAL MUSCLE OF VOCAL FOLDS

O:  INNER SURFACE OF THYROID ANGLE

I:  VOCAL PROCESS OF ARYTENOID

F:  TENSES VOCAL FOLDS

ANTAGONIST OF CRICOTHYROID

MUSCULARIS

O:  INNER SURFACE OF THYROID ANGLE

I:  FOVEA OBLONGA & BASE OF ARYTENOID

F:  ADDUCT AND LENGTHEN VOCAL FOLDS

        (PULLING ON MUSCULAR PROCESS)

    SHORTEN VOCAL FOLDS

        (PULL IN BASE OF ARYTENOID)

ONLY IN 50% OF POPULATION

O:  UPPER LIMIT OF THYROID NOTCH

I:  MUSCULAR PROCESS OF ARYTENOID

F:  TILTS THYROID BACK TO BACK TO RELAX VOCAL

     FOLDS

5 LAYERS

1ST- SQUAMOS EPITHELIAL LAYER(THIN 0.1MM)

2-4 LAYERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

      (A) SUPERFICIAL - GELATINOUS CONSISTENCY

                             AKA: REINKE'S SPACE (EDEMA)

      (B) INTERMEDIATE - ELASIN FIBERS,

                   ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR ARRANGEMENT

      (C) DEEP - COLLAGEN FIBERS (NOT ELASTIC)

INTERMEDIATE + DEEP LAYERS = VOCAL LIGAMENT

5TH LAYER OF MUSCLE - THYROARYTENOID MUSCLE

      - BULK OF VOCAL FOLD

COVER - EPITHELIUM

             SUPERFICIAL LAYER OF LAMINA PROPRIA

TRANSITION - INTERMEDIATE LAYER OF LAMINA PROPRIA

                      DEEP LAYER OF LAMINA PROPRIA

BODY - THYROARYTENOID MUSCLE

INTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLE

ABDUCTORS

POSTERIOR CRICOARYTENOID MUSCLE (PCA)

ONLY ABDUCTOR MUSCLE - OPENS THE VOCAL FOLDS

O:  POSTERIOR QUADRATE LAMINA OF CRICOID

I:  POSTERIOR MUSCULAR PROCESS OF ARYTENOID

F:  ABDUCT VOCAL FOLDS

         PULL MUSCULAR PROCESS LATERALLY MOVE VOCAL

         PROCESS APART

         ANTAGONIST TO LCA

INTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLE

ADDUCTORS

LATERAL CRICOARYTENOID (LCA)

INTERARYTENOIDS

OBLIQUE ARYTENOIDS

LATERAL CRICOARYTENOID

(LCA)

ADDUCTS VOCAL FOLDS

O:  ANTEROLATERAL ARCH OF CRICOID

I:  MUSCULAR PROCESS OF ARYTENOID

F:  ADDUCT FOCAL FOLDS

     LENGTHEN VOCAL FOLDS

           ROCK ARYTENOID DOWN & FORWARD

           VOCAL PROCESSESS COME TOGETHER

ADDUCTS VOCAL FOLDS

TRANSVERSE ARYTENOID MUSCLE (UNPAIRED)

O:  LATERAL MARGIN & POSTERIOR SURFACE OF

      1 ARYTENOID

I:  LATERAL MARGIN & POSTERIOR SURFACE OF OTHER

     ARYTENOID

F:  MEDIAL COMPRESSION: VOCAL FOLD ADDUCTION

     PULL ARYTENOIDS TOGETHER

ADDUCTS VOCAL FOLDS

SUPERFICIAL TO TRANSVERSE ARYTENOID

O:  POSTERIOR SURFACE OF MUSCULAR PROCESS OF

      1 ARTENOID

I:  APEX (TOP OR TIP OF ARYTENOID CARTILAGE) OF

              OPPOSITE ARYTENOID

F:  MEDIAL COMPRESSION; VOCAL FOLD ADDUCTION

            PULL ARYTENOIDS TOGETHER

CRICOTHYROID MUSCLE

       2 HEADS:  PARS RECTA & PARS OBLIQUE

TENSOR

O:  (MEDIAL HEAD) ANTEROLATERAL ARCH OF CRICOID

I:  LOWER INNER SURFACE OF THYROID LAMINA

F:  DEPRESS THYROID RELATIVE TO CRICOID:

                  TENSES, LENGTHENS VOCAL FOLDS

                  CHANGES VOCAL PITCH

TENSOR

O:  ANTERLATERAL CRICOID ARCH, LATERAL TO PARS

      RECTA

I:  INNER THYROID BETWEEN LAMINA & INFERIOR

F:  DEPRESS THYROID RELATIVE TO CRICOID:

                       TENSES, LENGTHENS VOCAL FOLDS

                       CHANGES IN VOCAL PITCH

RELAXER

PULLS ARYTENOIDS FORWARD, SHORTENING DISTANCE,

RELAXING OVERLYING TISSUES

RELAXER

TILTS THYROID BACK, SHORTENING DISTANCE, RELAXING OVERYLYING TISSUES

INNERVATION OF INTRINSIC MUSCLES

TWO BRANCHES:

RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE:

       INNERVATES ALL INTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLES

        EXCEPT CRICOTHYROID

SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL NERVE

       INNERVATES CRICOTHYROID MUSCLES

SUPRAHYOID

EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLES

DIGASTRICUS

STYLOHYOID

GENIOHYOID

HYOGLOSSUS

GENIOGLOSSUS

DARK SKIES MAKE GRAY HAIR GROW

THESE MUSCLES ARE ABOVE THE HYOID

SUPRAHYOID EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLE

TWO BELLIES

ANTERIOR BELLY

O: INNER SURFACE OF MANDIBLE (LOWER JAW BONE)

     NEAR SYMPHYSIS

I:  INTERMEDIATE TENDON (ATTACH TO LOWER CORNUA

     OF HYOID)

F:  ELEVATE HYOID & PULL ANTERIORLY

POSTERIOR BELLY

O:  MASTOID ROCESS OF TEMPORAL BONE

I:  INTERMEDIATE TENDON

F:  ELEVATES & RETRACTS HYOID

           -DEPRESSES MANDIBLE

SUPRAHYOID EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLE

O:  STYLOHYOID PROCESS OF TEMPORAL BONE

I:  LATERAL CORPUS OF HYOID - NEAR GREATER HORN

F:  ELEVATE, RETRACT HYOID

SUPRHYOID EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLE

O:  INNER SURFACE OF MANDIBLE

I:  (OF POSTERIOR FIBERS) CORPUS OF HYOID

    (ANTERIOR FIBERS) CONVERGE OF MEDIAN FIBROUS

    RAPHE

F:  ELEVATE HYOID

           *FORMS FLOOR OF MOUTH

           *DEPRESS MANDIBLE (IF HYOID IS ANCHORED)

SUPRAHYOID EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLE

O:  INNER SURFACE OF MANDIBLE AT SYMPHYSIS,

      SUPERIOR TO MYLOHYOID

I:  ANTERIOR SURFACE OF CORPUS OF HYOID

F:  ELEVATE HYOID AND PULL ANTERIORLY

SUPRAHYOID EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLE

O:  BODY AND GEATER HORN OF HYOID

I:  POSTEROLATERAL SIDE OF TONGUE

F:  ELEVATE HYOID

                *DEPRESSES BACK OF TONGUE

INFRAHYOID

EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUCSLES

DEPRESSORS

THYROHYOID

OMOHYOID

STERNOHYOID

STERNOTHYROID

INFRAHYOID EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLE

O:  THYROID CARTILAGE LAMINAE

I:  HYOID GREATER CORNUA

F:  DEPRESS HYOID

APPEARS AS CONTINUATION OF STERNOTHYROID

2 BELLIES

SUPERIOR BELLY

O: INTERMEDIATE TENDON

I:  HYOID CORPUS/GREATER CORNU

INFERIOR BELLY

O:  UPPER BORDER OF SCAPULA

I:  INTERMEDIATE TENDON

F:  DEPRESS HYOID; STABILITY TO NECK REGION DURING DEEP INHALATION

INFRAHYOID EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLE

O:  MANUBRIUM OF STERNUM & COSTAL CARTILAGE

      OF FIRST RIB

I:  THYROID LAMINA

F:DEPRESSES THYROID, LARYNX

       *FUNCTIONS DURING SWALLOWING

ADITUS LARYNGIS

(ADITUS)

SUPERIOR ENTRY INTO LARYNX

 *BORDERED BY EPIGLOTTIS & ARYEPIGLOTTIC FOLDS

(TOP OF THE PIPE)

FIRST CAVATY OF THE LARYNX

BELOW ADITUS, ABOVE FALSE VOCAL FOLDS

FORMED BY ARYEPIGLOTTIC FOLDS & ARYTENOIDS

BETWEEN FALSE & TRUE VOCAL FOLDS

ANTERIOR EXTENSION - LARYNGEAL SACCULE

*SECRETE LUBRICATING MUCOUS INTO LARYNGEAL CAVITY

SPACE BETWEEN TRUE VOCAL FOLDS

BORDERED BY ANTERIOR COMMISSURE & POSTERIOR COMMISSURE (BETWEEN ARYTENOIDS)

 *MEMBRANOUS GLOTTIS:

        **ANTERIOR 2/3=VOCAL FOLD TISSUE

 *CARTILAGIOUS GLOTTIS:

        **POSTERIOR 1/3=VOCAL PROCESSES OF ARYTENOIDS

  **CHANGES SHAPE/SIZE W/MOVEMENT OF VFs**

PROTECTION OF LUNGS

CONTROL OF RESPIRATORY TRACT

COUGHING

SWALLOWING

THORACIC FIXATION

RESPIRATION

BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF LARYNX

CLOSURE OF AIRWAY TO KEEP FOOD/LIQUID OUT

  *REFLEX:  LARYNX ELEVATES

                  EPIGLOTTIS FOLDS OVER ADITUS

                  VOCAL FOLDS ADDUCTED

BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF LARYNX

CONTAIN AIR WITHIN THORAX

  *SUPPORT AGAINST WHICH TO PUSH/PULL

  *LIFTING, PUSHING HEAVY OBJECTS

  *CHILD BIRTH

  *REDUCE HEART RATE/LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE

BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF LARYNX

DILATION OF GLOTTIS

  *INCREASE SPACE FOR AIRFLOW

     *ALLOW INCREASED INHALATION DURING EXERTION

2 OR MORE PURE TONES BLENDED TOGETHER

FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY - LOWEST FREQUENCY IN VOCAL TONE

SINGLE SINE WAVE ON A GRAPH

USED IN AUDIOLOGICAL EVAL/SCREENING

SINGLE WAVE REPRESENTS PURE TONE

TALLER WAVE=GREATER AMPLITUDE=GREATER INTENSITY

MORE WAVES PER SECOND= MORE CYCLES PER SECOND=HIGHER FREGQUENCY=HIGHER PITCH

SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE DISTRUBANCES

# OF CYCLES OF VIBRATION PER SECOND

CPS (CYCLES PER SECOND)

Hz (HERTZ)

COMPRESSIONS & RAREFACTIONS GRAPHED AS A SINE WAVE  **PRESSURE/TIME**

CONTAINS:  PURE TONES/COMPLEX TONES

**VOCAL FOLD VIBRATION

       *PERIODIC/CYCLICAL VIBRATION

       *EACH CYCLE IS IDENTICAL

PERIOD - TIME NEEDED TO COMPLETE 1 CYCLE

               1/100 SECOND (0.01 SECOND)

VOCAL FOLD VIBRATION

CREATED BY DIFFERENT MODES OF VIBRATION OF VOCAL FOLDS

OCTAVE:  SUCCESSIVE DOUBLING OF FREQUENCY

F0 = 100Hz

F1 = 200Hz

F2 = 400Hz

F3 = 800Hz

F4 = 1600Hz

PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATE OF FREQUENCY

INCREASE FREQUENCY(OF VIBRATION) = INCREASE PERCEIVED PITCH

CHANGE IN PITCH REQUIRES CHANGE IN VOCAL FOLD MASS/TENTION

POWER OR PRESSURE OF ACOUSTIC SIGNAL

*MEASURED IN DECIBELS (Db)

PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATE OF INTENSITY

INCREASED AMPLITUDE = INCREASED INTENSITY/LOUDNESS

MEASUREMENT OF MOVEMENT OF A WAVE

INCREASE IN AMPLITUDE = INCREASE IN INTENSITY/LOUDNESS

VOCAL TONE IS PERIODIC

EACH CYCLE IS IDENTICAL

PERIOD:  TIME NEEDED TO COMPLETE 1 CYCLE

1/100 SECOND (0.01 SECOND)

CLOSING OF VOCAL FOLDS

PHONATION CAUSED BY VIBRATION OF ADDUCTED VFs

OPENING OF VOCAL FOLDS

CEASES PHONATION

AMOUNT OF TENSION GENERATED BY CHANGES IN LENGTH OF VOCAL FOLDS

CHANGES IN TENSION = CHANGES IN F0

                                     (FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY)

THE LONGER THE VFs THE TENSOR THEY ARE

PRESSURE GENERATED BY ADDUCTION OF VOCAL FOLDS

*FORCED ADDUCTION

*CHANGES IN MEDIAL COMPRESSION = CHANGES IN INTENSITY

VOCAL FOLD VIBRATION

ELASTICITY

VOCAL FOLD VIBRATION

STIFFNESS

STRENGTH OF FORCES RESTORING TO ORIGINAL SHAPE

**INCREASE STIFFNESS -> INCREASE STRENGTH -> INCREASE SPEED OF VIBRATION

VOCAL FOLD VIBRATION

INERTIA

VOCAL FOLD VIBRATION

MASS

THEORIES OF PHONATION

MYOELASTIC AERODYNAMIC THEORY

ONE EXPLANATION OF HOW VOCAL FOLDS VIBRATE:

BERNOULLI EFFECT: 

*VOCAL FOLDS PUSED APART, THEN PULLED BACK

  TOGETHER BY NEGATIVE AIR PRESSURE FLOWING

  THROUGH CONSTRICTION

*STATES WHEN GAS OR LIQUID BLOWS THROUGH OR

  AROUND A CONSTRICTION VELOCITY INCREASES,

  WITH INCREASE IN VELOCITY THERE IS A DROP IN

  PRESSURE

MYOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF VOCAL FOLDS

*VOCAL FOLDS PUSHED APART, ELASTICITY OF TISSUE

  SPRINGS BACK TO CLOSED POSITION

THEORIES OF PHONATION

COVER - BODY MODEL

MODIFICATION OF MYOELASTIC AERODYNAMIC THEORY

  VOCAL FOLDS CONTINUE OSCILLATING BRIEFLY W/OUT

    ENERGY SOURCE.

  THIS OSCILLATION CANNOT BE EXPLAINED BY

    BERNOULLI EFFECT

IT EXPLAINS HOW STRUCTURE OF VOCAL FOLDS ARE

   INVOLVED IN MAINTAINING VIBRATION

VOCAL FOLDS DO NOT SEPARATE ALL AT ONCE

MUCOSAL WAVE

COMPONENT OF COVER-BODY MODEL

INFERIOR TO SUPERIOR:

 *VF OPENING - BOTTOM TO TOP

 *VF CLOSING - BOTTOM TO TOP

 *OBSERVABLE ON STROBOSCOPY 

MASS-SPRING SYSTEM

 COVER-BODY MODEL

ANALOGY FOR HOW THE LAYERS OF THE VOCAL FOLDS MOVE IN RELATION TO ONE ANOTHER

LOOSE MEMBRANOUS COVER OF VOCAL FOLDS:

 *EPITHELLIUM

 *SUPERFICIAL LAYER OF LAMINA PROPRIA

 *ALLOWS OSCILLATION

MORE STRUCTURED BODY OF VOCAL FOLDS

 *INTERMEDIATE/DEEP LAYERS OF LAMINA PROPRIA

 *THYROVOCALIS MUSCLE

HELD TOGETHER BY VIRTUAL "SPRING"

 *VOCAL FOLDS ARE CONNECTED BUT WORK

    INDEPENDANTLY

VERTICAL PHASE DIFFERENCE

COVER - BODY MODEL

WAVELIKE MOTION OF COVER AS IT IS DISPLACED CREATES REGIONS OF CONVERGENT AND DIVERGENT AIRFLOW

*CONVERGENT REGIONS - HIGHER AIR PRESSURE

*DIVERGENT REGIONS - LOWER AIR PRESSURE

*ASYMMETRY IN PRESSURES BETWEEN REGIONS

  SUSTAINS OSCILLATION, NOT NECESSARILY

  BERNOULLI EFFECT

*REFERRED TO AS VERTICAL PHASE DIFFERENCE

      -SUSTAINS OSCILLATION 

PHONATION MECHANICS:

ADDUCTION OF VFs

PHONATION IS CAUSED BY VIBRATION OF ADDUCTED VFs

ARYTENOID MOVEMENT:

  *ROCK, GLIDE, ROTATE

  *MOVE FORWARD, MEDIALLY, DOWNWARD

  *INVOLVEMENT OF INTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLES:

       -IAs - INTERARYTENOIDS

                    *OBLIQUE AND TRANSVERSE ARYTENOIDS

VOICED SOUNDS

PHONATION IS NOT REPEATED ADDUCTION & ABDUCTION

PHONATION MECHANICS

ABDUCTION OF VFs

CEASES PHONATION

VOICELESS SOUNDS

INTRISIC MUSCLES; PCA'S

  *PCA'S CONTRACT

MUSCULAR PROCESSES OF ARYTENOIDS ROCK UPWARD

   & ROTATE BACKWARD

SEPARATES ARYTENOIDS, ABDUCTS VFs

PHONATION IS NOT REPEATED ADDUCTION & ABDUCTION

BEGIN PHONATION

ADDUCT VOCAL FOLDS

BUILDUP OF SVGLOTTAL PRESSURE BEGIN WAVELIKE MOVEMENT OF VOCAL FOLDS

SIMULTANEOUS ATTACK:  ADDUCTION & AIRFLOW 

                                       BEGIN TOGETHER

                                       *USED W/ANY VOICED

                                         SOUND

BREATHY VOCAL ATTACK:  AIRFLOW BEGINS BEFORE

                                        ADDUCTION

GLOTTAL ATTACK:  ADDUCTION PRIOR TO AIRFLOW

                            *ALLOW GREATER AIR BUILD UP

                            *HARSH, EXPLOSIVE ONSET (COUGH

MAINTAIN ADDUCTION

  SINGING

  SUSTAINED VOWEL

  SPEECH PRODUCTION : RAPID ADDUCTION & ABDUCTION FOR VOICED & VOICELESS SOUNDS

  LAUGHTER:RAPID ADDUCTION & ABDUCTION /h/ /a/

    PITCH CHANGE:

                             *LENGTHEN/TENSE VFs

                             *CRICOTHYROID

                             *POSTERIOR CRICOARYTENOID

                             *THYROVOCALIS

ABDUCTION OF VFs

  *VOICELESS SOUNDS

  *TAKE A BREATH

  *CEASE PHONATION

  *VF MOVEMENT

      -ADDUCTION/ABDUCTION WITHIN 9 MILLISECONDS

FREQUENCY & PITCH

CHANGING PITCH

INVOLVES:  TENSION

                  MASS(PER UNIT AREA)

                  LENGTH - TENSION & MASS ALTERED BY

                                 CHANGING LENGTH

FREQUENCY & PITCH

MUSCLES

INVOLVES:  CRICOTHYROID

                THYROVOCALIS (+PCA)

               THYROMUSCULARIS(SHORTEN;INCREASE  

                                              MASS) 

CRICOTHYROID CONTRACTION: TILTS THYROID   

    CARTILAGE DOWN-> LENGTHENS VOCAL FOLDS

        *INCREASE TENSION->INCREASE FREQUENCY

          OF VIBRATION

        *GROSS ADJUSTMENT

THYROVOCALIS CONTRACTION: PULL CRICOID &

    THYROID CLOSER TOGETHER

        *CONTERACTED BY CT

        *CONTERACTED BY PCA

        *FINE ADJUSTMENT

FREQUENCY & PITCH

MASS CHANGE

DECREASE MASS ->INCREASE FREQ OF VIBRATION

  *CHANGE BY INCREASING LENGTH

INCREASE MASS-> DECREASE FREQ

  *DECREASE LENGTH

  *CONTRACTION OF THYROMUSCULARIS

FREQUENCY & PITCH

SUBGLOTTAL PRESSURE

INCREASE PITCH- INCREASE TENSION- INCREASE

GLOTTAL RESISTANCE TO AIRFLOW

PRESSURE CHANGE=IN RESPONSE TO TENSION CHANGE

PRESSURE HIGHER IF TENSION IS HIGHER

RANGE CAPABILITY OF AN INDIVIDUAL 

  *MOST = 2 OCTAVE RANGE (90-360Hz)

*DEPENDS ON MASS/LENGTH

*CHANGES W/AGE

    -CHILDREN: 300Hz

    -ADULTS:  130-200 DECREASES 10Hz PER DECADE

    -MALES:  SIGNIFICANT CHANGE DURING PUBERTY

                  *INCREASE IN MUSCLE MASS & CARTILAGE

                  *RESULTING DECREASE IN PITCH

                     (PITCH BREAKS DURING CHANGE)

VIBRATORY FREQUENCY HABITUALLY USED

IDEALLY, OPTIMAL = HABITUAL PITCH

MIS-MATCH -> VOCAL ABUSE

    *HABITUAL LOW PITCH, GLOTTAL ATTACKS->

      CONTACT ULCERS

    *ULCERS-> VOCAL FATIGUE (RARELY APHONIA)

AVERAGE FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY:

    *FREQ OF VIBRATION DURING SUSTAINED 

      PHONATION OR CONVERSATION

    *MEASURE OF HABITUAL PITCH

MAINTENANCE OF CHILD-LIKE HIGH PITCHED VOICE IN MALES

POST-PUBERTY:

        *PSYCHOGENIC DISORDER (NO ORGANIC

              /PHYSICAL CAUSE)

        *UNCONCIOUS ATTEMPT TO HOLD VOICE 

           CONSTANT 

MODE OF VIBRATION:  PATTERN OF ACTIVITY DURING A

  CYCLE OF VIBRATION

DIFFERENCES IN MODE OF VIBRATION

  *MODAL

  *GLOTTAL FRY/PULSE REGISTER

  *LOFT (FALSETTO)

  *OTHER MODES: BREATHY, PRESSED PHONATION,

                            WHISPER

-LOW PITCH "CRACKLY" ROUGH SOUNDING VOICE

-FREQUENCY: 30-90Hz

-SUSTAINED BY LOW SUBGLOTTAL PRESSURE 2cmH2O

-LITTLE TENSION ON VOCALIS

   *VIBRATING EDGE=LOOSE/FLACID

   *MUSCULARIS PORTION=TENSE->SHORT, THICK

     VOCAL FOLDS

-INFRAHYOID MUSCLES MAY BE ACTIVE

   *DEPRESS HYOID/LARYNX, DECREASE TENSION OF

     CONUS ELASTICUS

*HIGHEST REGISTER

*VOCAL FOLDS = STRETCHED LONG/THIN/TIGHT

      -REDUCED VIBRATORY AMPLITUDE

      -BRIEF CONTACT OF VOCAL FOLDS

*PERCEIVED AS THIN, REEDY

*SUPRAHYOID MUSCLES MAY BE ACTIVE

      -ELEVATE HYOID BONE/LARYNX

      -INCREASES TENSION OF CONUS ELASTICUS

*VERTICAL PHASE DIFFERENCE NOT INVOLVED

INCREASED MEDIAL COMPRESSION

 *LOUDER, STRONGER PHONATION

 *STRIDENT/HARSH VOCAL QUALITY

 *INCREASED USE/ABUSE OF VOCAL FOLD COMPRESSION

INADEQUATE/INCOMPLETE ADDUCTION

NO VOICING

PARTIAL ADDUCTION->TURBULENCE OF AIR STREAM

   *TURBULENCE(NOT VIBRATION OF VFs) CREATES

     SOUND FOR WHISPER

ARYTENOIDS ROTATED BUT NO APPROXIMATED

   *POSTERIOR "CHINK" = GLOTTAL CHINK

LCA W/LITTLE OR NO INTERARYTENOID INVOLVEMENT

CHANGES IN PITCH, LOUDNESS & PROSODY THAT AFFECT MEANING

  *BEYOND INDIVIDUAL PHONEMES (SEGMENTS)

"MELODY" OF SPEECH

  *CHANGES IN PITCH, INTONATION, LOUDNESS, STRESS, DURATION, RHYTHM

      -CONVEY MEANING:LINGUISTIC, EMOTIONAL, INTENT

CHANGES IN PITCH ACROSS SPEECH

*HE'S GOING TO THE MOVIES? (RISING INTONATION)

*HE'S GOING TO THE MOVIES. (FALLING INTONATION)

EMPHASIS ON A SYLLABLE OR WORD

WHITE house vs white houose

rebel vs Rebel

INCREASE FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY & INTENSITY

   *INCREASE MEDIAL COMPRESSION, SUBGLOTTAL PRESSURE, LARYNGEAL TENSION

MONOPITCH:  MINIMAL VARIATION OF PITCH

MONOLOUD:  MINIMAL VARIATION OF INTENSITY