Term
| Other name for longitudinal fissure and what it separates |
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Definition
falx ceribri
separates left and right cerebrum |
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Term
| Other name for Transverse Fissure and what it separates |
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Definition
Tentorium cerebella
separates cerebrum & cerebellum |
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Term
| What is the continuation of the Longitudinal fissure called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the journey of the CSF? |
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Definition
| lateral ventricles-> interventricular foramina-> 3rd ventricle-> mesencephalic canal-> 4th ventricle-> medial & lateral apertures-> sub arachnoid space-> arachnoid villi of dural venous sinuses-> arachnoid granulations-> venous blood-> heart & lungs -> arterial blood-> choroid plexus |
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Term
| What are the 3 points of continuity b/w the hemispheres? |
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Definition
corpus callosum
anterior commissure
posterior commissure |
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Term
| What do Broca's rea and Wernicke's area control? |
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Definition
Broca's: speech
Wernickes: language comprehension |
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Term
| Where are the basal nuclei located and what is their function? |
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Definition
| deep w/n white matter. involved with motor processing from primary cortex. Inhibitory effect on motor function. Parkinson's disease affects them. |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of tracts in white matter and what do they connect? |
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Definition
commissural tracts- connect 2 hemispheres
association tracts- connect areas w/n same hemisphere
projection tracts- ascending/descending b/w brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| What major structure is located in the mesencephalon and what is its function? |
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Definition
superior colliculi- visual reflexes
inferior colliculi- auditory reflexes |
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Term
| What is another name for the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers. Where are they and what is their function? |
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Definition
pontein nuclei.
in the pons. control resp function. smooth transition b/w inhale and exhale. |
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Term
| Preganglionic vs. postganglionic neurons in the autonomic pathway |
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Definition
preganglionic is myelinated. aka white fiber
postganglionic is unmyelinated. aka gray fiber |
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Term
| Axon lengths and ganglionic synapses for PARA and SYMP |
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Definition
SYMP-preganglionic neuron axon is short. ganglion outside of effector
PARA- preganglionic axon is long. ganglion inside wall of effector |
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Term
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Definition
all motor fibers to skeletal muscle
preganglionic neurons of SYMP and PARA
postganglionic neurons of PARA (some postganglionic neurons of SYMP) |
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Term
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Definition
| postganglionic neurons of SYMP |
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Term
| What are the cholinergic receptor types? |
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Definition
| nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors |
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Term
| where are nicotinic receptors found? |
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Definition
| autonomic ganglia of PARA and SYMP |
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Term
| What blocks the effects of nicotinic receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are muscarinic receptors found? |
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Definition
neuro effector ganglion in PARA
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Term
| What blocks the effects of muscarinic receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the adrenergic receptor types and where are they found and what are they excited by? |
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Definition
alpha- SYMP excited by NE and E.
beta- SYMP. excited by E |
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Term
| Which system has more divergence? PARA or SYMP |
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Definition
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Term
| Some visceral afferents are located in the cranial nerves. What is the area of the brain where they lie and where do they project to? |
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Definition
| lie in nodose ganglion and project (via vagus nerve) to tractus solitarius ( solitary nucleus) |
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Term
| What are the 2 out puts of the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| neural signals to autonomic system and endocrine signals to/ thru pituitary |
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Term
| Where is the PARA system localized? |
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Definition
| sacral segments 2, 3, 4 and brain: CN 3, 7, 9, and 10 |
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Term
| What are the names of the special ganglia in the PARA system and what CN do they correspond to? |
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Definition
CN2: cilliary ganglion
CN7: pterygopalatine ganglion and submandibular ganglion
CN 9: otic ganglion |
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Term
| What are pelvic splanchnic nerves? |
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Definition
| PARA fibers from the sacral segments |
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Term
| What spinal segments do chain ganglia originate from? |
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Definition
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Term
| where do the pre/post ganglionic fibers in chain ganglia enter/leave? |
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Definition
preganglionic enter chain ganglia thru the white ramus
postganglionic fibers leave thru the gray ramus |
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Term
| What are thoracic splanchinic nerves? |
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Definition
| they go thru chain ganglia but make their own pathway to the heart and lungs. they are preganglionic |
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Term
| what are cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves? |
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Definition
| they are postganglionic. they go to the 3 cervical chain ganglia and innervate the heart |
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Term
| What do the collateral ganglia innervate? |
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Definition
| organs in the abdominopelvic cavity. esp. large blood vessels |
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Term
| Name the 3 main collateral ganglia |
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Definition
| celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric |
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Term
| What type of cells are in the adrenal medulla and are they cholinergic or adrenergic? |
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Definition
chromafin cells
adrenergic |
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Term
| Name the 3 types of local hormones and what they are |
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Definition
cytokines- most general
paracrines- fairly close (neighbor cell)
autocrines- very close. (own cell) |
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Term
| What are the 3 structural groups of hormones? |
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Definition
aa derivatives
peptide hormones * most common
lipid derivatives |
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Term
| What are the types of aa derivatives? |
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Definition
thyroid hormones-derivatives of tyrosine
catecholamines- derivatives of tryptophan |
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Term
| What are the types of peptide hormones? |
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Definition
glycoproteins
short polypeptides and small proteins |
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Term
| what are the types of lipid derivatives? |
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Definition
eicosanoids- derivatives ofarachindonic acid
steroids- similar to cholesterol |
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Term
| what are the binding effects of catecholamines and peptide hormones? |
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Definition
| affects cAMP, cGMP, and Ca ions. cause 2nd messengers |
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Term
| What are the 2 pathways for eicosanoids and what do they produce? |
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Definition
cyclooxygenase pathway- prostaglandins, prostacyclines, thromboxanes
lipowygenase pathway: leukotrienes |
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Term
| What do prostaglandins do? |
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Definition
| regulate almost everything via cAMP |
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Term
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Definition
| regulate blood clot formation |
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Term
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Definition
| asthma and airways. contraction of smooth muscle |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of cells in the pineal gland? |
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Definition
astrocyte like neuroglial cells
neuron like pinealcytes |
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Term
| Where does the pineal gland develop from? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the most important substance that the pineal gland produces? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the pituitary gland develop from? |
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Definition
post- diencephalon
ant- roof of mouth |
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Term
| Where are the hormones of the nat and post pituitary made? |
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Definition
post- made in hypothal
ant- made in ant pituitary |
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Term
| The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei carry hormones to the post pituitary. What hormones does each nucleus produce and what is their function? |
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Definition
paraventricular- oxytocin->contraction of mammilary glands and uterus
supraoptic nucleus-vasopressin/ADH-> water balance |
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Term
| What is the tract called that contains the paravent. and supraoptic nuclei? |
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Definition
| hypothalamic/hypophyseal tracts |
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Term
| the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system goes to what part of the pituitary? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary? |
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Definition
thyroid hormones
ACTH- adrenocorticotropic
Growth hormone
Gonadotrophins
Prolactin |
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Term
| In addition to T3 and T4, what hormones does the thyroid release and what is their function? |
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Definition
calcitonin- decreases blood Ca levels by depositing Ca back into bone and increasing Ca excretion
PTH- increases blood Ca levels by extracting Ca from bones and preventing Ca excretion |
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Term
| What area does ACTH target? |
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Definition
| zona fciculata of adrenal cortex |
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Term
| What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex and what do they do? |
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Definition
zona glomerulosa-outer layer. secretes aldosterone and regulates NA and K levels
zona faciculata- middle layer. produces glucocorticoids like cortisol
zona reticularis- inner layer. produces gonadocorticoids |
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Term
| what is another name for growth hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormones are included in the gonadotrophins? |
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Definition
LH- make gonads release sex hormones
FSH- maintain and release of gametes |
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Term
| What is the function of prolactin? |
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Definition
| milk production. corregulated by oxytocin |
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Term
| What are the types of cells in the pancreas? |
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Definition
alpha- excrete glucagon
beta- excrete insulin
delta & gamma- regulate internal secretion of alpha and beta cells |
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Term
| what do the prosencephalon and rombincephalon develop into? |
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Definition
prosencephalon- talencephalon ( cerebral hemispheres) and diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus)
Rhombincephalon- metencephalon ( cerebellum and pons) and myelincephalon (medulla oblongatta) |
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