Term
| Name the 3 types of connective tissue. |
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Definition
1. Tendons and Ligaments
2. Cartilages
3. Bones |
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Term
| Explain tendons and ligaments. |
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Definition
Tendons connects muscles to bones.
Ligaments connect bone to bone.
Cell types are Fibroblasts and Fibrocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
For example in between vertebrae.
Made of chondroblasts and chondrocytes. |
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Term
| Explain Osseous (bone) tissue. |
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Definition
| There are two structures... compact and spongy. |
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Term
| Name and explain 4 bone shapes. |
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Definition
Long Bone- longer than wide
Short Bone- length and width similar
Flat Bone- Thin and flat
Irregular- other random shapes that don't fit other categories. |
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Term
| What is endosteum and where is it located? |
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Definition
| Made of thin connective tissue and lines the medullary cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The shaft of the bone, or central area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Located at the proximal and distal ends of the long bone. |
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Term
| What is the periosteum and where is it located? |
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Definition
| The outer later of bone made of dense connective tissue. |
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Term
| What is the medullary cavity? |
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Definition
| Large cavity located in the diaphysis of the long bone and is filled with marrow. |
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Term
| What are the two kinds of Marrow? |
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Definition
| Red Marrow which produces blood cells and Yellow Marrow which which stores fat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small spaces in the bone where osteocytes are located. |
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Term
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Definition
| Minute canals for osteocyte processes. |
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Term
| What is the Volkmans canal? |
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Definition
| Passageways for blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum (outside) and the endoesteum.(Inside) |
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Term
| What is the haversian canal? |
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Definition
| aka. osteon, the central canal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rods or plates that resemble beams that make up the spongy tissue and add strength to the bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| The growth and development of bone. |
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Term
| What cells are responsible for osteoblasts? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| In the periosteum and endosteum, and forms the bone as well as remodels broken and fractured bones. |
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Term
| What is endochondrial growth? |
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Definition
| Occurs the epiphyseal plates and increases bones length. |
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Term
| What is appositional growth? |
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Definition
| When osteoblasts that are on the surface of the bone and divide. |
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Term
| The modeling and reshaping of bones. |
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Definition
1. the process; formation and resorption.
2. end of bone growth.
3. remodeling: osteoblasts and osteoclasts. |
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Term
| How does Calcitonin (CT) effect calcium? |
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Definition
| The more calcitonin there is the more that calcium decreases. |
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Term
| How does the parathyroid hormone (PH) effect calcium? |
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Definition
| The more of this hormone there is the more calcium increases. |
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Term
| How does vitamin D effect calcium? |
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Definition
| The more vitamin D there is the more calcium increases. |
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Term
| What are synovial joints? |
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Definition
| The joint vacity lining with synovial membrane and contains synovial fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA joint. A place where two bones come together. |
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Term
| Many joints exhibit limited movement, and others are completely or almost completely immovable. |
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Definition
| Many joints exhibit limited movement, and others are completely or almost completely immovable. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A slightly movable joint. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Two bones that are united by fibrous tissue and have little or no movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibrous joints between the bones of the skull. |
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Term
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Definition
| soft spots that allow for flexibility in the skull during birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibrous joints in which the bones are separated by some distance and are held together by ligaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pegs fitted into sockets and held into place by ligaments. |
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Term
| What are cartilaginous joints? |
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Definition
| Two bones united by means of cartilage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms joints such as the intervertebral disks. |
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Term
| What are synovial joints? |
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Definition
| Freely movable joints that contain synovial fluid in a cavity surrounding the ends of articulating bones. |
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Term
| What is articular cartilage? |
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Definition
| Provides a smooth surface where the bones meet. |
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Term
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Definition
| Filled with synovial fluid, and is enclosed by a joint capsule. |
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Term
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Definition
| ex. when the palm faces down. |
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Term
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Definition
| ex. when the palm faces up. |
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Term
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Definition
| ex. to turn the botton of the foot faces laterally. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ex. When the bottom of the foot faces in. |
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Term
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Definition
| ex. when the head shakes no. |
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Term
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Definition
| ex. when the mandible moves anteriorly. |
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Term
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Definition
| ex. whenthe manible moves posteriorly. |
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Term
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Definition
| ex. movement of a superior direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| movement in an inferior direction. ex. when the mouth opens. |
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Term
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Definition
| when the structure moves side to side. Like the mandible. |
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Term
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Definition
| ex. when the tip of thumb and tip of pinky finger reach together to touch. |
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Term
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Definition
| Returns digits to anatomic position. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs at freely movable joints such as the shoulder. |
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Term
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Definition
The connective tissue sheath that covers all skeletal muscles.
AKA fascia |
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Term
| What are muscle fasciculi? |
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Definition
| bundles in a muscle that are surrounded by the perimysium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loose connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fasciculi. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loose connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cytoplasm of each muscle fiber. |
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Term
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Definition
| A threadlike structure that extends from one end of the muscle fiber to the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules are attached at specific intercals along the actin myofilaments and provide calcuim ninding sites on the actin myofilament. |
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Term
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Definition
| Filaments located along the groove between the twisted strands of actin myofilament subunits. |
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Term
| What are the two major factors that effect that charge difference that develops? |
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Definition
1. The concentration of potassium (K+) inside the cell membrane is higher than that outside the cell membrane.
2. The cell membrane is more permeable to potassium than it is to other ions, including negatinely charged molecues such as proteins, located inside the cell. |
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Term
| What are the names of the thick and thn filaments in a muscle? |
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Definition
Actin myofilament is the thin.
Myosin myofilament is the thick. |
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Term
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Definition
| The decrease in the difference in potential charge between the inside and outside of the cell membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| The change back to the resting membrane potential. |
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Term
| Neuromuscular junction/synapse. |
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Definition
| When axons branch out to muscle fibers for form a junction. |
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Term
| What is the resting membrane potential? |
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Definition
| the charge difference on either side of the cell membrane. |
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Term
| What is acetylchoinesterase? |
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Definition
| An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, to ensure that one action potential in the neruon yields only one action potential in the skeletal muscle fibers of the motor unit. (also |
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest unit of the muscle that is able to contract. made of actin myofilament, myosin myofilament, and the Z disks. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sustained contraction that occurs when the frequency of stimulation is so rapid that there is no relaxation. |
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Term
| What is creatine phosphate? |
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Definition
| A high energy molecule that provides a means of storing energy that can be used rapidly to help maintain an adequate amount of ATP in the contracting muscle fiber. |
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Term
| What is anaerobic respiration? |
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Definition
| Does not require oxygen, and results in the breakdown of glucose to yield ATP and lactic acid. (2 ATP) |
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Term
| What is aerobic respiration? |
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Definition
| Requires oxygen and breaks down glucose to produce ATP and oxygen, and water. (38 ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
| fatigue resistent and involved in aerobic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Easily fatigued and invovled in anaerobic. |
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Term
| Explain intermedial fast twitch. |
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Definition
| Fatigue resistent and aerobic. |
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Term
| What are isometric contractions? |
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Definition
| Tension increases during the contraction process but the length does not change. |
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Term
| What are isotonic contractions? |
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Definition
| Tension is constant during contraction and length decreases. |
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Term
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Definition
| The constant tension produced by muscles of thebody over long periods of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemoglobin carries oxygen into the muscle and also transports oxygen. |
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Term
| What is a neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
| transmits electricity (ligand) receptor needs to be fired. |
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