Term
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Definition
| most abundant of all the macromolecules |
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Term
| Important in Cellular Functions of Carbohydrates |
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Definition
| structure, energy, energy storage, cell identification |
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Term
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Definition
-consists of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
-contains hydroxyl, carbonyl groups
-many dissolve easily or retain water |
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Term
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Definition
-Monosaccharides
-Disaccharides
-Polysaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
-simple sugars or monomers
-hexose (6C), pentose (5C), triose (3C)
-glucose, ribose, galactose
-used as fuel for cellular work
-shift from linear to ring forms in solution |
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Term
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Definition
-polymerization
-two monosaccharides linked together by oxygen bridge
-covalent bond in oxygen bridge (glycosidic linkage)
-sweet taste based on molecular shape
-sugars and non sugars |
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Term
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Definition
| number of lbs of sugar the average american intakes in 1 year (most in high fructose corn syrup) |
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Term
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Definition
-long chains of glucose monomers
-chains branched are unbranched |
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Term
| Energy Storage (Carbohydrates) |
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Definition
-storage polysaccharides
-glycogen (animal)
-starch (plant)
-energy comes from C-H or C-C bonds
-funnels energy into ATP synthesis |
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Term
| Structure (Carbohydrates) |
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Definition
-structural polysaccharides
-cellulose (most abundant organic compound on earth) (no digestible fiber) (plant cell walls, wood)
-Chitin (glucose monomers with nitrogen) (exoskeleton, fungal cell walls)
-Peptidoglycan (glucose monomer with nitrogen and short peptide) (bacterial cell walls) |
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Term
| Cell Identity (Carbohydrates) |
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Definition
| -glycoproteins (allows cell to cell recognition) |
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Term
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Definition
-not a true polymer
-class of nonpolar hydrophobic compounds
-many contain fatty acids except sterols and derivatives |
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Term
| Nonpolar Hydrophobic Compounds |
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Definition
-water is repelled
-composed of mostly C and H |
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Term
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Definition
| types of lipids with no fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
-long hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl end
-unsaturated
-saturated |
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Term
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Definition
-no double bonds
-solid at room temperature |
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Term
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Definition
-one or more double bonds
-liquid at room temperature (oils) |
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Term
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Definition
-fats
-hydrogenated oils
-waxes
-steroids
-phospholipids |
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Term
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Definition
-3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule
-commonly called triglycerides
-twice the energy of complex carbs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-insulation
-padding
-energy
-hormones
-vitamin transport/production
-structure for cell membrane
-70% of brain is fat |
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Term
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Definition
-long fatty acid chain linked to an alcohol
-repels water
-important in water proofing (feathers, fur) |
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Term
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Definition
-4 fused carbon rings with variable side and functional groups
-cholesterol is main type |
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Term
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Definition
-plasma membrane component
-precursors to hormones and vitamin D formation |
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Term
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Definition
-major component of cell membrane
-composed of glycerol backbone, 2 FA tails, and hydrophilic phosphate head |
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Term
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Definition
-acts as barrier
-amphipathic molecule |
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Term
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Definition
-phospholipids formed membrane around RNA
-created a microenvironment
-chemical reactions more efficient
-control of substance flow between environments |
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Term
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Definition
-controls activity at cells periphery
-selectively permeable
-controls flux of molecules and ions
-intercepts cell signals |
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Term
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Definition
-fluid mosaic model
-phospholipid bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
-main structural component of plasma membrane
-forms stable bilayer
-exhibits selective permeability
-non polar and small polar (oxygen, carbon dioxide) let inside |
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Term
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Definition
-lets in small non polar and small uncharged polar
-does not let in large uncharged polar or ions |
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Term
| Permeability Decreases With... |
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Definition
-longer FA tails
-saturated FA tails |
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Term
| Fluidity of Phospholipid Bilayer |
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Definition
-free lateral movement
-consistency of vegetable oil
-increased by cholesterol and unsaturated FA's
-affected by temperature |
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Term
| Integral Proteins in Mosaic |
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Definition
-cell recognition
-enzymes
-form cell junctions
-transport proteins (lets ions/electrolytes in) |
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Term
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Definition
-does not require energy
-across bilayer or transport proteins
-diffusion
-osmosis |
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Term
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Definition
| -requires energy and transport protein |
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Term
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Definition
-high to low concentration
-down concentration gradients to equilibrium
-occurs with non polar and small polar molecules |
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Term
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Definition
-passive transport of water
-moves down concentration gradient
-more free water moves to less free water
-directional flow is based on solute differences |
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Term
| Osmotic Flow is Based On.... |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-relative solute concentration of two fluids
-hypotonic
-hypertonic
-isotonic |
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Term
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Definition
-turgid
-fewer solutes
-H20 IN |
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Term
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Definition
-plasmolyze
-more solutes
-H20 OUT |
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Term
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Definition
-flaccid
-same amount of solute
-H20 IN and OUT |
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Term
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Definition
-allows large, charge or polar molecules
-water, sugars, amino acids, ions |
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Term
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Definition
-primary avenue for H20 transport
-exterior (hydrophobic)
-interior (hydrophilic) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-open with stimulus
-molecule binding
-charge change |
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Term
| Carrier (transporter) Proteins |
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Definition
| change shape allowing passage |
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Term
| Active Transport (in depth) |
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Definition
-movement of solute agains electrochemical gradient
-requires ATP and protein pumps
-transport pump is activated by ATP
-binding of phosphate changes protein shape and affinity for solute |
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Term
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Definition
-across permeable membrane
-exocytosis
-endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
-transport large molecule OUT OF CELL
-vesicles fuse with membrane |
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Term
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Definition
-transport large molecules INTO CELL
-phagocytosis
-pinocytosis
-receptor mediated endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Receptor Mediated Endocytosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-glass lenses/light source
-magnify 1000X
-general shape
-single cell movements/habits |
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Term
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Definition
-tungsten filament and magnetic lenses
-SEM (scanning)
-TEM (transmission) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-internal structures
-250,000X |
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Term
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Definition
-plasma membrane
-cytoskeleton
-cytoplasm
-DNA
-ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| controls contact with the environment |
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Term
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Definition
-structure
-division
-intracellular transport |
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Term
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Definition
| liquid (cytosol) and organelles outside nucleous |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic info within a region of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| site of protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| domain bacteria/archaea (extremophiles) |
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Term
| Prokaryotic Cell Structure |
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Definition
-Coccus (round)
-Bacillus (rod)
-Spirillim (spiral) (least common)
-single circular chromosome in nucleoid region
-plasmids
-specialized membranes
-flagella
-cell wall (peptidoglycan)
-capsule
-pili |
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Term
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Definition
-small circular DNA molecules
-can transfer bacteria to bacteria
-antibiotic resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| sticky film of monosaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
| sticky hairs that stick out like flagella |
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Term
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Definition
-larger than prokaryotic cells
-complexity in compartmentalization
-membrane bound organelles
-domain eukarya (plants, animals, protists, fungi) |
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Term
| In Plant Cells But Not Animal Cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Animals Cells But Not Plant Cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-usually largest organelle except for in plants and fungi
-copying and dividing
-response to cell stimulus |
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Term
| Structure of Nuclear Envelope |
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Definition
-complex double membrane
-lined by a nuclear lamina (fibrous proteins)
-perforated by nuclear pore complexes |
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Term
| Function of Nuclear Envelope |
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Definition
-perforated pore complexes allow:
-trafficking of molecules
-trafficking molecules must have nuclear localization signal (NLS) |
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Term
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Definition
-chromatin
-nucleolus
-ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| long fibers of DNA and associated proteins |
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Term
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Definition
-rRNA is manufactured here
-ribosomal subunits are built |
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Term
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Definition
-consist of rRNA and proteins
-free floating or bound
-build proteins |
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Term
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Definition
-membrane organelles working together
-manufacture, distribute, ship, store cellular products (proteins lipids)
-er, golgi, lysosomes, vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
-make cell products
-used by cell directly
-or follow the secretory pathway
-determined by pulse-chase experiment |
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Term
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Definition
-usually continues with nuclear envelope
-extensive
-main manufacturer of molecules
-smooth and rough |
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Term
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Definition
-series of interconnected tubules
-diversity of enzymes embedded in membranes
-assemble lipids (fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids) (hormones: gonads)
-in liver, inactivates wastes and drugs
-attaches -OH
-stores calcium ions (required for muscle contraction) |
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Term
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Definition
-flattened sacs studded with ribosomes
-surface ribosomes produce proteins
-make membrane and secretory proteins
1. proteins enter rough er lumen and are modified (glycosylation)
2. polypeptide has signal sequence for binding (recognized by SRP)
3. cells specialized in secreting proteins have lots of rough er |
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Term
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Definition
-stacks of membranous stacks (cisternae)
-finish, sort, ship proteins and lipids that arrive from er
-add/remove sugars, phosphates, or split proteins
-manufacture cell wall products
-cell products for secretion leave by exocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
-controlled killing of cells
-lysosomal derived cell death
-ducks (no activity)
-chicken (some activity)
-syndactly (lack of apoptosis can result in fused digits) |
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Term
| Abnormal Lysosome Can Cause... |
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Definition
-fatal diseases
-lysosomal storage is hereditary
-Pompe's disease
-Tay-Sach's |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-plants and fungi
-50-90% of cell volume
-general maintenance of the cell
-lysosomal storage functions
-stores amino acids, sugars, wastes, pigments |
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Term
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Definition
-oxidize molecules (remove electrons)
-forms hydrogen peroxide
-detoxing the liver
-breaks down fat
-glyoxisomes (plants) |
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Term
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Definition
-helps organize cell structure ad activities
-made up of a network of protein fibers: 3 types
-microfilaments
-intermediate filaments
-microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
-most slender
-actin (assemble/disassemble very rapidly)
-work with myosin motor proteins (stimulated by ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
-medium sized and most permanent
-fibrous proteins (keratin)
-reinforces the cell (nucleus)
-anchors nucleus
-persist after cell death |
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Term
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Definition
-hollow tubes of tubulin dimmers
-dynamic assembly/disassembly
-originate from microtubule organizing center (MTOC) (in animals, centrosome) |
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Term
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Definition
-involved in cell shape
-chromosome movement
-vesicle/organelle movement
-work with kinesin motor proteins
-move entire cell
-cilia and flagella
-structure is a 9 + 2 arrangement
-movement occurs by dynein arms (motors) |
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