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of many cells (not animal cells), a semirigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane; helps a cell retain its shape and resist rupturing -made of cellulose (help make board strong, stiff etc) |
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animals: have vaculoes that are mainly used for storage of food and are often temporary plant: have large capacity vacuoles that may occupy 50-90% of cell interior |
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organelle of photosynthesis in plants and algae. plastids that contain green pigment chlorophyll, convert light to ATP 1. thykaloid 2. stroma |
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| All cell parts, particles. and semifluid substances between the plasma membrane and the nucleus or nuclleoid |
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| in a eukaryotic cell, the dynamic framework of diverse protein filaments that structurally support, organize, and move the cell and internal structures. Prokaryotic cells have a few similar protein filaments. |
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-help Amoeba and WBC's crawl and cause muscle to contract aka actin |
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-guide vesicles through the cell and help form cilia and flagella |
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| one of the membrane-bound compartments that carry out specialized metabolic functions in eukaryotic cells; eg., a nucleus, mitochondria |
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| outer cell membrane; the structural and functional boundary between cytoplasm and extracellular fluid |
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networks of these filaments help determine a cell's shape |
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| a single-celled organism, often walled, that doesnot have organelles characteristic of eukaryotic cells. Only bacteria and archaeans are prokaryotic |
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| the site of polpeptide chain synthesis in all cells. An intact ribosome has two subunits of rRNA and proteins. |
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A small, membrane-bound sac in the cytoplasm; different sacs transport or store substances or hold enzymes that digest their contents. |
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| pumping of a specific solute across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient, through the interior of a transport protein. Requires energy input, as from ATP. |
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| difference in the number of molecules or ions of any one substance between two adjoining regions. |
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net movement of like ions or molecules from a region where they are most concentrated to an adjoining region where they are less concentrated; they move down their concentration gradient. |
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| cell uptake of substances by forming vesicles from patches of plasma membrane. Three moles are receptor-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, and the bulk transport of extracellular fluid |
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| fusion of a cytoplasmic vesicle with the plasma membrane; as it becomes part of the membrane, its contents are released to extracellular fluid |
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| a cell membrane proteins (mosaic) and phospholipidbilayer (fluid) , the interactions and motions of which impart fluidity to it. |
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pressure exerted by a volume of fluid against a cell wall, membrane, or some other structure that contains it *pressure of the water within the central vacuole pushes the cytoplasm against the cell wall ex. keeps tight like water balloon |
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Of two fluids, the one with the higher solute concentration |
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Of two fluids, the one with the lower solute concentration |
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Any fluid having the same solute concentration as another fluid to which it is being compared |
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| structural basis of all cell membranes; mainly phospholipid arranged tail to tail in two layers, with hydrophillic heads of one dissolved in cytoplasmic fluid and heads of the other in extracellular fluid |
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diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region where concentration is higher to a region where it is lower |
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diffusion of a solute across a cell membrane, does not require ATP simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion |
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| "cell eating" , a common endocytic pathway by which various cells engulf food bits, microbes, and cellular debris |
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| built in capacity of a cell membrane to prevent or allow specific substances from crossing it at certain times, in certain amounts |
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| cotransporter that, when energized,actively transports sodium out of a cell and helps potassium passively diffuse into at the same time |
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| membrane protein that passively or actively assists specific ions or molecules into or out of a cell. The solutes move through the protein's interior |
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Schleiden and Schwann all living things are composed of cells. Cell is the basic unit of life. |
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What are some general characteristics of all cells? |
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1. Plasma membrane 2. Genetic information (DNA) 3. Chemical reactions 4. Cytoplasm-all material inside the P.M. and outside the nucleus which includes water, salts, and organic molecules. (some cell's cytoplasm includes organelles). |
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-no nucleus -bacteria-strep, staph, and cyanobacteria archaea- prokaryotes such as those that live in extreme habitats |
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-have a nucleus -"protists", fungi, plants, animals |
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the control center of the cell -contains: chromatin-DNA and Protein Nucleolus-is where ribosomes are made |
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sites of protein synthesis 1. free ribosomes-the protein made here will function as enzymes within the cytosol 2. bound ribosomes-attatched to rough ER. The protein made here will become lysosome enymes, membrane proteins, or secretory proteins |
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network of membranes forming interlocking channels contains Rough ER and Smooth ER |
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(contains ribosomes) -involved in protein synthesis, membrane production, and transporting -the proteins made here will become lysosome enzymes, membrane proteins, or secretory proteins |
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-involved in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis -in the liver it helps detoxify drugs |
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-stacks of flat membrane sacks. -the cell's warehouse or Post Office -vesicles-are small sacks of membrane |
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Lysosomes-serve as the cell's digestive system |
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-vesicles that contain digestive enzymes func: digest individual molecules such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates as well as complete microorganisms and defective organelles. *come from the golgi |
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-cell's powerhouse -these are oval, round, or tubular organelles made from a double membrane system. -inner and outer membrane -cristae-formed from folding of inner membrane -matrix-inner space that contains enzymes that break down food molecules -site of aerobic respiration -ATP powerhouse |
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3D network of 3 different protein filaments that is responsible for the shape, internal organization, and movement of a cell. -3 types of filaments; microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments |
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| flow of protein in a cell |
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DNA→RNA→PROTEIN Nucleus↓ Rough ER↓ VESICLE↓ Golgi complex↓ VESICLE↓ Plasma membrane |
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fluid portion of cell isolates the cell interior from the external environment 2 layers of phospholipids hydrophyllic heads and hydrophobic tails |
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| contain chlorophyll which traps light energy (stacks of poker chips) |
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| fluid filled space within the chloroplasts where cO2 is converted into glucose |
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mosaic portion responsible for moving substances across the membrane and communicating with other cells 1. transport protiens 2. receptor proteins 3 recognition proteins |
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| another plastid that stores starch (made out of excess glucose) in the roots |
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| synthesize and retain yellow, orange, or red pigments for seed dispersal, pollinators to flowers |
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func: maintain cells's water balance *turgur pressure storage: pigments, ion, proteins, and poisons for defense -diposal of metabolic waste (toxins) |
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when a specific molecule binds to them it triggers a specific cellular response ex. secretion of hormones and initiation of cell division |
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form chanels or act as carrirbers ex. glucose enters our RBCs through this |
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many are glycoproteins serve as cell id tags or cell surface attachment sites ex. our WBCs recognize certain bacteria as invaders from the other cells of our body that belong there |
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in fluid mosaic model makes a bilayer stronger, more flexible, less permeable to water-soluable substances such as ions and simple sugars, steriod |
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| what substances are allowed to pass through the membrane freely? |
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| water and gases (ex. CO2 and O2) |
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like biological heavy duty velcro -welding cells together |
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-keeps intestines from leaking -like sewing cells togeter, proteins sewn between membranes |
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| gap junctions/plasmodia (plants) |
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-so cells communicate with eachother -all cells connected by bridges between one cell to the next ex. pipeline |
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| receptor-mediated-endocytosis |
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cell takes up specific substances that bind to a receptor protein in the membrane ex. cell takes up LDL complexes to obtain cholesterol for the membrane |
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