Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the genetic information in a cell |
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Term
what two things make up the genome? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
structures containing DNA that physically carry hereditary information |
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Term
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Definition
segments of DNA (or RNA in some viruses) that code for functional products |
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Term
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Definition
a macromolecule composed of repeating units called nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
consists of a nuclease, a deoxyribose, and a phosphate group |
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Term
what is the structure of DNA? |
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Definition
long strands of nucleotides twisted together to form a double helix |
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Term
what are the DNA base pairs? |
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Definition
adenine - thymine cytosine - guanine |
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Term
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Definition
the set of rules that determines how a nucleotide sequence is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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Term
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Definition
an organism's genetic makeup |
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Term
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Definition
actual, expressed properties; a manifestation of the genotype |
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Term
what do the phenotypic properties derive from? |
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Definition
the structure and function of protein |
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Term
in microbes, most proteins are: (2) |
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Definition
enzymatic: catalyze particular reactions structural: participate in large functional complexes |
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Term
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Definition
single circular chromosome consisting of a single circular molecule of DNA with associated proteins |
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Term
short tandem repeats (STRs) |
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Definition
noncoding regions that occur in most bacterial genomes |
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Term
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Definition
the sequencing and molecular characterization of genomes |
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Term
what happens first: cell division or DNA replication? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the ultimate goal of DNA replication? |
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Definition
one parental double-stranded DNA molecule is converted to 2 identical daughter molecules |
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Term
function of DNA gyrase, topoisomerase |
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Definition
relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork |
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Term
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Definition
makes covalent bonds to join DNA strands; joins Okazaki fragments and new segments in excision repair |
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Term
function of DNA polymerase |
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Definition
synthesizes, proofreads, and repairs DNA |
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Term
function of endonucleases, transposase |
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Definition
cut DNA backbone in a strand of DNA and facilitate repair |
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Term
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Definition
unwinds double-stranded DNA |
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Term
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Definition
adds methyl group to selected bases in newly made DNA |
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Term
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Definition
uses visible lights energy to separate UV-induced pyrimidine dimers |
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Term
function of ribozyme, snRNP |
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Definition
RNA enzyme that removes introns and splices exons together |
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Term
function of RNA polymerase |
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Definition
copies RNA from a DNA template |
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Term
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Definition
an RNA polymerase that makes RNA primers from a DNA template |
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Term
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Definition
the point at which replication occurs |
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Term
semiconservative replication |
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Definition
the process of replication in which each new double-stranded DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand |
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Term
what is the numerical structure of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
on which end of the numerical DNA structure can DNA polymerases add new nucleotides? |
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Definition
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Term
where does energy for replication come from? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
nucleoside triphosphates with ribose |
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Term
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Definition
the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template |
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Term
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Definition
forms ribosomes (where protein synthesis occurs)
prokaryotic transcription |
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Term
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Definition
carries the coded information for making specific proteins from DNA to ribosomes
prokaryotic transcription |
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Term
process of prokaryotic transcription (3) |
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Definition
1) strand of mRNA is synthesized using a DNA template 2) RNA polymerase binds to DNA site called a promoter 3) this continues until RNA polymerase reaches DNA site called a terminator |
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Term
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Definition
protein synthesis --> converts the "language" of nucleic acids and converts it to the "language" of proteins |
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Term
what is the "language" of mRNA? |
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Definition
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Term
what does the codon sequence do? |
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Definition
determines the sequence of amino acids that will be in the protein being synthesized |
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Term
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Definition
allows for a certain amount of mutation in the DNA without affecting the protein produced |
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Term
t/f: there is only one possible codon sequence for each amino acid |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
signal the end of the protein molecule's synthesis (UAA, UAG, UGA) |
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Term
what is the start codon for protein synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the process of prokaryotic translation? (6) |
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Definition
1) mRNA codons converted to protein 2) the codons are read and amino acid chains are formed 3) translation occurs at ribosome 4) tRNA recognize the codons and transport appropriate amino acids 5) the amino acids are lined up and form peptide bonds 6) stops when nonsense codon is reached |
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Term
where does transcription occur in eukaryotes? |
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Definition
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Term
what are genes composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the areas of DNA expressed |
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Term
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Definition
the intervening regions of DNA that do not encode protein |
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Term
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Definition
their products are constantly produced at a fixed rate |
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Term
what is the default position of constitutive genes? |
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Definition
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Term
why are constitutive genes always activated? |
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Definition
they are needed in large amounts for major life processes |
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Term
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Definition
the regulatory mechanism that inhibits gene expression and decreases the synthesis of enzymes |
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Term
what mediates repression? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
block the ability of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription |
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Term
what is the default position of repression? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the process that turns on the transcription of a gene |
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Term
what is the default position of induction? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a substance that acts to induce transcription of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
enzymes synthesized in the presence of inducers |
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Term
who is associated with the Operon Model of gene expression? |
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Definition
Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod |
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Term
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Definition
region where RNA polymerase initiates transcription |
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Term
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Definition
acts as a stop/go signal for transcription of the structural genes |
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Term
is the lac operon inducible or repressible? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a substance derived from ATP that serves as a cellular alarm signal |
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Term
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Definition
a chemical alarm signal that promotes a cell's response to environmental or nutritional stress |
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Term
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Definition
inhibition of the metabolism of alternative carbon sources by glucose |
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Term
when glucose is available, cAMP levels are ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
how can eukaryotes and bacterial cells turn genes off? |
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Definition
by methylating certain nucleotides (epigenetic inheritance) |
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Term
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Definition
single-stranded DNA molecules of 22 nucleotides |
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Term
what 2 things does miRNA do? |
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Definition
inhibits protein production in eukaryotic cells allows different cells to produce different proteins |
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Term
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Definition
a permanent change in the base sequence of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
a single base at one point in the DNA sequence is replaced with a different base |
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Term
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Definition
when the base substitution results in an amino acid substitution in the synthesized protein |
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Term
example of a missense mutation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
caused when a nonsense codon is created in the middle of an mRNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
one or a few nucleotide pairs are deleted or inserted in the DNA |
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Term
which type of mutation results in a long stretch of altered amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
example of a frameshift mutation disease? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
occur even in the absence of mutation-causing agents |
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Term
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Definition
agents in the environment that directly or indirectly bring about mutations |
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Term
what type of mutagen is nitrous acid? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
alters base pairing properties |
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Term
2 types of radiation mutagens |
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Definition
UV light X rays/ gamma rays |
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Term
what do x-rays and gamma rays do? |
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Definition
ionize atoms and molecules |
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Term
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Definition
causes formation of harmful covalent bonds |
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Term
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Definition
light repair enzymes that use visible light energy to separate the dimer back to 2 original thymines |
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Term
nucleotide excision repair |
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Definition
enzymes cut out the incorrect base and fill in the gap with newly synthesized DNA that is complementary to the correct strand |
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Term
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Definition
enzymes that add a methyl group to selected bases soon after a DNA strand is made |
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Term
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Definition
the probability that a gene will mutate when a cell divides |
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Term
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Definition
any mutant microorganism having a nutritional requirement absent from parent |
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Term
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Definition
substances that cause cancer |
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Term
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Definition
preliminary screening of potential carcinogens using bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
the exchange of genes between 2 DNA molecules to form new combinations of genes on a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
a process during which a cell picks up foreign DNA, some of which inserts into the cell's chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when genes are passed from an organism to its offspring |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when genes are passed from an organism to other microbes of the same generation |
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Term
which organism practices horizontal gene transfer? |
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Definition
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Term
how are genes transferred from bacteria to another cell? |
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Definition
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Term
what was Frederick Griffith known for? |
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Definition
the experiment with dead encapsulated bacteria and live nonencapsulated (non virulent) bacteria, in which the virulence was transferred from dead bacteria to the live. |
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Term
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Definition
when a recipient cell is in a physiological state in which it can take up the donor DNA |
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Term
conjugation requires __________________. |
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Definition
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Term
what happens during the conjugation of gram-negative bacteria? |
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Definition
genes code for the synthesis of sex pili and projections from the donor cell surface pull it and the recipient together |
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Term
what happens during the conjugation of gram-positive bacteria? |
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Definition
sticky surface molecules cause cells to come in direct contact with each other --> "mating bridge" |
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Term
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Definition
first plasmid observed to be transferred between cells during conjugation |
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Term
HFr (high frequency of recombination) cell |
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Definition
when a cell carrying an F factor integrates that factor into the chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
only certain bacterial genes are transferred |
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Term
what do plasmids and transposons do? |
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Definition
provide additional mechanisms for genetic change |
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Term
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Definition
carries genes for sex pili and the transfer of the plasmid to another cell |
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Term
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Definition
code for enzymes that trigger the catabolism of certain unusual sugars and hydrocarbons |
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Term
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Definition
toxic proteins that kill other bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
plasmids that have significant medical importance |
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Term
resistance transfer factor |
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Definition
includes genes for plasmid replication and conjugation |
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Term
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Definition
production of enzyme that inactivate certain drugs/ toxic substances |
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Term
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Definition
small segments of DNA that can move from one region of a DNA molecule to another |
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Term
what is Barbara McClintock known for? |
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Definition
the theory of transposons |
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Term
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Definition
contain only a gene that codes for an enzyme (transposes) and recognition sites |
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Term
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Definition
short inverted repeat sequences of DNA that the enzyme recognizes as recombination sites between the transposon and chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
symbiotic fungi which help plants' roots absorb minerals and water from the soil |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
what is the thallus of molds and fleshy fungi composed of? |
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Definition
long filaments of cells joined together (hyphae) |
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Term
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Definition
long filaments of cells joined together |
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Term
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Definition
cross-walls which divide hyphae into distinct, uninucleate cell-like units called septate hyphae |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
by elongating at the tips |
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Term
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Definition
the portion that obtains nutrients |
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Term
reproductive/ aerial hypha |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a filamentous mass sometimes formed by hyphae |
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Term
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Definition
nonfilamentous, unicellular fungi |
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Term
how do budding yeasts divide? |
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Definition
parent forms bud parent nucleus divides and 1 goes to bud cell wall laid between and divide |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
what kind of growth do yeasts exhibit? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
exhibit 2 forms of growth (mold or yeast), depending on temperature |
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Term
how do filamentous fungi reproduce? |
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Definition
asexually- hyphae fragmentation, spores (identical parent/daughter) sexually- spores result from the fusion of nuclei from 2 opposite mating strains of fungus |
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Term
how are asexual fungal spores produced? |
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Definition
mitosis and cell division |
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Term
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Definition
a unicellular or multicellular spore that is not enclosed in a sac |
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Term
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Definition
conidia formed by the fragmentation of a septate hyphae into single, slightly thickened cells |
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Term
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Definition
consists of buds coming off parents cell |
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Term
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Definition
a thick-walled spore formed by rounding and enlargement within a hyphal segment |
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Term
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Definition
formed within a sporangium sac at the end of an ariel hypha called a sporangiophore |
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Term
production of sexual spores (3) |
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Definition
1) plasmogamy 2) karyogamy 3) meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
a haploid nucleus of a donor cell (+) penetrates the cytoplasm of a recipient cell (-) |
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Term
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Definition
(+) and (-) nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
diploid nucleus gives rise to form a haploid nuclei |
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Term
how do fungi obtain nutrients? |
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Definition
chemoheterotrophs- they absorb it |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
conjugation fungi-- they are saprophytic molds that have coencytic hyphae |
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Term
how do zygomycota reproduce? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
eukaryotes that lack mitochondria and microtubules |
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Term
t/f: microsporidia can exists freely in the environment |
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Definition
false, they are obligate intracellular parasites |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
club fungi with septate hyphae |
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Term
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Definition
a base pedestal on which basidiospores grow |
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Term
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Definition
produce both sexual and asexual spores |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
fungal infections deep within the body |
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Term
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Definition
fungal infections beneath the skin caused by saprophytic fungi that live in soil and on vegetation |
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Term
dermatophytes (cutaneous mycoses) |
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Definition
fungi that affect only the epidermis, hair, and nails |
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Term
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Definition
affect hair shafts and surface epidermal cells |
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Term
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Definition
usually harmless, but becomes pathogenic in a host who is susceptible |
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Term
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Definition
a combination of a green algae and a fungus (mutualistic relationship) |
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Term
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Definition
crustose: encrust foliose: leaflike fruticose: fingerlike |
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Term
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Definition
lichen algal cells around which fungal hyphae grow, creating the thallus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a protective covering over the lichen algal layer, created by the fungal hyphae |
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Term
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Definition
photoautotrophs that lack the tissues of plants |
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Term
how does algae get nutrients? |
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Definition
absorbs nutrients from the water over the whole surface; photosynthetic; some are chemoheterotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
a floating, gas-filled bladder than may help buoy algae |
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Term
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Definition
asexually (fragmentation or cell splits in 2) sexually for some |
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Term
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Definition
a light-trapping pigment found in algae |
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Term
brown algae (kelp) characteristics |
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Definition
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Term
red algae characteristics |
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Definition
delicately branched thalli; deeper depths |
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Term
green algae characteristics |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
unicellular or filamentous algae with complex cell walls that consist of pectin and a layer of silica |
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Term
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Definition
unicellular algae collectively called plankton |
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Term
dinoflagellate characteristics |
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Definition
rigid structure; neurotoxins |
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Term
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Definition
forms when large concentrations of dinoflagellates amass |
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Term
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Definition
decomposers that form cottony masses on dead things |
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Term
how is algae beneficial in nature? |
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Definition
it fixes carbon dioxide into organic molecules that can be consumed by chemoheterotrophs and produce oxygen for us |
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Term
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Definition
periodic increases in numbers of planktonic algae that may indicate pollution |
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Term
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Definition
unicellular, eukaryotic organisms |
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Term
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Definition
the feeding and growing stage of a protozoa |
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Term
how do protozoa reproduce? |
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Definition
asexually (fission, budding, schizogony) some sexually (conjugation, gametes) |
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Term
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Definition
multiple fission (nucleus divides many times before the cell divides, producing many daughter cells) |
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Term
what is the purpose of a protozoa cyst? |
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Definition
a protective capsule that sometimes forms under adverse conditions, allowing parasites to survive outside host |
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Term
how do protozoa get nutrients? |
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Definition
mostly aerobic heterotrophic (some anaerobic) |
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Term
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Definition
a protective covering that makes it necessary to reacquire specialized structures in protozoa to take in food |
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Term
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Definition
a mouth-like opening of protozoa toward which ciliates wave their cilia in order to take in food |
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Term
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Definition
engulf food by surrounding it with pseudopods and phagocytize it |
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Term
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Definition
where digestion takes place in protozoa |
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Term
what are feeding grooves? |
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Definition
spindle-shaped protozoa that have flagella and an undulating membrane |
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Term
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Definition
photoautotrophic protozoa that have rRNA sequences, disk-shaped mitochondria, and are asexual. |
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Term
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Definition
a carotenoid-containing organelle that senses light and directs the cell in the appropriate direction using a preemergent flagella (characteristic of euglenozoa protozoa) |
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Term
hemophlagellates (blood parasites) |
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Definition
transmitted by bites of blood-feeding insects |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
non-motile, obligate intracellular protozoan parasites. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
harbors the (sexually) reproducing stage |
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Term
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Definition
the host in which a parasite undergoes asexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
closely related to amoebae; phylum amoebozoa |
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Term
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Definition
typical eukaryotic cells that resemble amebae |
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Term
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Definition
exist as masses of protoplasm with many nuclei |
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Term
helminths (parasitic worms) |
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Definition
multicellular, eukaryotic animals with a complex life cycle |
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Term
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Definition
male organs in 1, female in another (helminths) |
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Term
momoecious/ hermaphroditic |
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Definition
one animal has both male and female reproductive organs (helminths) |
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