Term
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Definition
| Smooth, Skeletal, Muscular |
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Term
| Name some characteristics of a smooth muscle |
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Definition
| involuntary, non-striated, passageway |
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Term
| Name some characteristics of a skeletal muscle |
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Definition
| voluntary, striated, movement, heat, posture |
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Term
| Name some characteristics of a skeletal muscle |
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Definition
| involuntary, striated, pumping blood |
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Term
| Macroscopic Muscle Composition |
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Definition
1. Epimysium
2. Fascicle
i. Perimysium surrounds it
3. Muscle Fiber
i. endomysium surrounds it |
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Term
| Microscopic Muscle Composition |
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Definition
| Sarcolemma, Myofibril, Sarcomere |
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Term
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Definition
| Z Discs, A-band, t-band, m-line, h zone, SR, t-tubles, Myosin, Actin |
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Term
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Definition
| interaction of muscular system and nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| motor neuron and al of the muscle fibers it stimulates |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in size of muscle fibers from lack of exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of axonal terminal of a motor neuron, sarcolemma of a muscle cell, and the gap in-between the two (synapse/synaptic cleft) |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle contraction neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
1. signal comes from brown down moor neuron and finally axonal terminal
2. Ach released from vesicles in axonal terminal
3. Migrates across synapse, contacts receptors on sarcolemma
4. Sodium gates open, ions rush into muscle cell
5. electrical disturbance--> depolarization --> AP, goes into muscle cell, SR --> Calcitonin |
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Term
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Definition
*Needs ATP for this whole process)
1. Actin in resting state (troponin and tropomyosin)
2. When Calcitonin present--> blocking protein moves, actin exposed
3. Myosin heads attach to actin = "cross bridge"
4. pivots, attaches, detaches, reattaches, etc. = shortening=contraction |
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Term
| Types of Energy for Muscle Contraction |
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Definition
1. Creatine Phosphate
2. Aerobic Respiration
3. Anaerobic Respiration/Metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of energy for muscle contraction, creates ATP from ADP very quickly, but runs out quickly |
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Term
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Definition
| In mitochondria, need O2, 1 molecule of glucose --> 36 ATp's, slow, last longer |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs w/in cytoplasm, 1 molecule of glucose = 2 ATPs, not efficient, by-product = lactic acid |
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Term
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Definition
Brain and spinal cord
- motor function
- efferent division
- ouptut |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
nerves extending from CNS that extends to rest of body
- sensory function
- afferent division
- input |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Projections from cell body that receive signals conduct impulse to cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| contains nucleus and organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| projection that carries nerve impulse away from cell body to axonal terminals |
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Term
| For every neuron, how many axons are there? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| unmyelinated axons (no sheath) and cell bodies |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Sensory (afferent)- input
Motor (efferent)- output
Interneurons- connect sensory and motor neurons to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| structural classification; many dendrites (most motor neurons) |
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Term
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Definition
| One dendrite and ONE axon (rare sensory nerves) |
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Term
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Definition
one projection in cell body; axon conducts nerve impulses both into and out of cell body
- (mostly sensory neurons) |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in cell's membrane potential, making it more positive or less negative, may result in generation of an action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| the propagation of action potentials along a myelinated axon from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of AP's, |
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Term
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Definition
| short term change in electrical potential that travels along a cell such as a nerve or muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| a small constriction in the myelin sheath of axons |
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Term
| Resting Cell Membrane Potential |
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Definition
| Difference in electrical charge between the inside of neuron's cell membrane and outside membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| pumps sodium and potassium against the gradient ; active transport |
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Term
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Definition
| recovery period of neuron (must reset itself before another nerve impulse can take place) |
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Term
| Neurotransmitters are either... |
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Definition
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Term
| Excitatory Neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| (Ach) more likely to get to threshold and cause AP (depolarization) |
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Term
| Inhibitory Neurotransmitter |
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Definition
Less likely to reach threshold and cause AP
- causes hyperpolarization= membrane becomes more negative |
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Term
| Four Regions of the Brain |
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Definition
1. Cerebrum
2. Diencephalon
3. Brainstem
4. Cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Occipital
4. Temporal |
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Term
| What does the Frontal lobe control? |
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Definition
| Primary motor functions, language, reasoning, intelligence, learning |
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Term
| What does the Parietal Lobe control? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Occipital Lobe control? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Temporal Lobe control? |
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Definition
| memory, audition, olfaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for day/night cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| (input) sensory information |
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Term
| Ventral Root (of Spinal Cord) |
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Definition
| (output) motor information |
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Term
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Definition
1. Pons
2. Midbrain
3. Medulla oblongata
4. Reticular Formation |
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Term
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Definition
1. Thalamus (sensory relay)
2. Hypothalamus (autonomic, pituitary gland)
3. Epithalamus (Pineal Gland- day/night cycle)
4. Limbic System |
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Term
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Definition
left and right hemisphere connected by the corpus colossum.
- 2 hemispheres
- longitudinal fissures
- cerebral cortex ( fissure, sulcus, gyrus) |
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Term
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Definition
| The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and vise versa |
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Term
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Definition
| Posture, Balance, Equilibrium, Motor Coordination |
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Term
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Definition
| bundle of axons found outside cans that extends to peripheral structures |
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Term
| ______ nerves are mixed, and the three that are purely sensory include: ____,_____, and _____. |
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Definition
| Cranial nerves are mixed, and the three that are purely sensory include: vestibulocochlear, optic, olfactory. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Division of Efferent Motor Neurons;
- Voluntary
-Mostly skeletal
1 motor neuron releases Ach |
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Term
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Definition
Division of Efferent Motor Neurons;
- Involuntary
- smooth, cardiac muscles, and glands
- chain of 2 motor neurons
-- preganglionic motor neuron
--postganglionic motor neuron
split into two parts
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic |
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Term
| 2 parts of the autonomic system & functions |
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Definition
Sympathetic:
- "Fight or Flight"
- 2nd motor neuron releases either 1. epinephrine or 2. epinephrine (ne)
Parasympathetic
- "rest and digest"
- 2nd motor neuron releases Ach |
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Term
| Effects of 1. Sympathetic and 2. Parasympathetic |
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Definition
HR 1. up 2. down
BP 1. up 2. down
Digestion 1. down 2. up
Sex drive 1. down 2. up
Blood to Skeletal Muscles 1. up 2. down
Pupils 1. dilate 2. constrict |
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Term
| Parts of an Eye & Functions |
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Definition
Pupil- opening/hole
Iris- color in the eye
Lens- focuses
Cornea- transparent covering of eye
Retina- back of eye, visual receptors located here
Rods- light/dark concentrated on edge of retina
Cones- color, concentrated in middle "fovea centralus"
Vitreous Body- gel like substance that fills eyeball |
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Term
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Definition
1. rods and cones carry info to bipolar neurons
2. optic nerve
3. optic chiasm
4. optic tracts
5. thalamus
6. occipital lobe |
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Term
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Definition
1. sound enters external auditory canal
2. tympanic membrane
3. auditory ossicles amplify
4. cochlea (middle ear)
- neurons = hair cells
5. organ of court
6. leads to cochlear nerve
7. vestibular nerve meets with cochlear nerve = vestibulocochlear nerve
8. temporal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| inner ear (vestibule and semicircular canals) detects movement of the head --> vestibular nerve --> vestibulocochlear nerve |
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