Term
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Definition
| a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavior potential as a result of experience |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of a person or animal to orient its senses toward unexpected stimuli |
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Definition
| the tendency of a person or animal to ignore repeated stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that occurs when a neutral stimulis is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus; because of this pairing, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus with the same power as the unconditioned stimulus to elicit the response in the person or animal |
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Term
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Definition
| the dog was held in the harness and food was placed before it |
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Term
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| a stimulus that naturally elicits a respone in a person or animal |
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Term
| unconditioned response (UCR) |
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Definition
| the response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus that does not naturally elicit an unconditioned response in a person or animal |
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Term
| COnditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| the response elicited by a conditioned stimulus in a person or animal |
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Term
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Definition
| the removal of a conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| during extinction, the tendency for a conditioned response to reapper and strengthen over a brief period before preextinguishing |
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Term
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Definition
| responding in a like fashion to similar stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| responding only to particular stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which two stimuli follow one another in time |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which the presentation of one stimulus is contingent on the presentation of the other |
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Term
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Definition
| watson and his assistant, Rosalie Rayner, classically conditioned Albert to fear a white lab rat |
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Term
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Definition
| using classical conditioning to remove an undesired conditioned response in a person or animal |
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Term
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Definition
| classical conditioning that occurs when a person or animal pairs the experience of nausea with a certian food and becomes conditioned to feel ill at the sight, smell. or idea of the food |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of therapy that uses classical conditioning to condition people to avoid certian stimuli |
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Term
| E.L. Thorndike and the law of effect |
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Definition
| a princple discoverd by E.L. Thorndike that states that random behaviors that lead to positive consequences will be strengthened and random behaviors that lead to negative consequences will be weakened |
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Term
| B.F. Skinner Operant Behavior |
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Definition
| behavior that operates on the enviorment to cause some sort of consqequences to occur |
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Term
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Definition
| the strenghthening of a response that occurs when the response is rewarded |
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Term
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Definition
| strengthening a behavior by adding something pleasent to the enviorment of the person or animal |
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Term
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Definition
| strengthening a behavior by removing something unpleasant from the enviorment of the person or animal |
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Term
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Definition
| the weaking of a response that occurs when a behavior leads to an unpleasent consequence |
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Term
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Definition
| weakening a behavior by adding something unpleasent to the persons or animals enviorment |
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Term
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Definition
| weakening a behavior by removing something pleasent from the persons or animals enviorment |
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Term
| Difference of classical and operating conditioning |
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Definition
- classical and operating conditioning in the real world often occur simultaneously
- operat differs from classical that in classical the person or animal plays a rather passive role
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Term
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Definition
| a device created by B.F. Skinner to study operant behavior in a compressed time frame; in a skinner box an animal is automatically rewarded or punished for engaging in certian behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| using operant conditioning to build a new behavior in a person or animal by rewarding succesive approximations of the desired response |
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Term
| schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| the frequency and timing of the reinforcement tha a person or animal receives |
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Term
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Definition
| a reinforcer that is reinforcing in and of itself |
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Term
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Definition
| a reinforcer that is reinforcing only because it leads to a primary reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
| the way in which we use and store information in memory |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively permenant change in behavior or behavior potential as a result of experience |
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Term
| Wolfgang Kohler and insight |
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Definition
| a new way of looking at a problem that leads to a sudden understanding of how to solve it |
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Term
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Definition
- Latent learning
- cognitive map
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Term
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Definition
| learning that cannot be directly observed in a persons or animals behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental representation of the enviorment |
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Term
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Definition
- Observational learning
- social learning theory
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Term
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Definition
| learning through observation and imitation of others behavior |
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Term
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Definition
- children watched films in which a woman beat up the bobo doll
- she hit it wiht a mallet, sat on it, threw it
- the children imitated the film
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Term
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Definition
| the observer must first pay attetion to the models behavior before he or she can model it |
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Term
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Definition
| the observer must retain a cognitive representive or memory of acters, they must have memories of what they have previously seen on tv |
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Term
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Definition
| the observer must have a mental representation of the behavior stored in memory that can be retrieved and used to reproduce the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| after retrieving the memory of the behavior and figuring out how to produce the behavior, the observer must be motivated to actually execute the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| to begin re-responding to a stimulus to which one had been habituated |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of inputting information into memory |
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Term
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Definition
| the place where information is retained in memory |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of accessing information in memory and pulling it into consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| the conscious use pf memory |
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Term
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Definition
| the unconscious use of memory, not trying to remember of habit |
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Term
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Definition
| an early model of memory proposing that information is stored in three sequential stages: sensory, short-term, and long term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of memory that is limited in both capacity and duration |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of memory that works to store memories for a long time perhaps even permanently |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of memory that very breifly stores sensory impressions so that we can extract relevant information from them for further procesing |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory memory for visual information |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory memory for auditory information |
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Term
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Definition
| a multifacted component of long term memory that contians short term memory; the function of working memory is to access, nove, and process information that we are currently using |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of retrieval process in which the probe or cue does not contain much information |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of retrieval process in which the probe or cue contains a great deal of information including the item being sought |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of forgetting that proposes that memory traces that are not routinely activated in long term memory will degrade |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of forgetting that occurs when older memory traces inhibit the retrieval of newer memory traces |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of forgetting that ovvers when newer memory traces inhibit the retrieval of older memory traces |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of forgetting that occurs when one cannot recall information in a context other than the context in which it was encoded |
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Term
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Definition
| a type forgetting proposed by sigmund freud in which memories for events, desires, or impulses that we find threatening are pushed into an inaccessible part of the mind called the unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
| an unusally detailed and seemingly accurate memory for an emotionally charged event |
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Term
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Definition
| plays a significant role in the storage and consolidation of delarative memories |
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Term
| how to improve your memory |
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Definition
- pay attention
- do not cram for exams
- use elaborate rehearsal
- use overlearning
- mnemonics make your memory mighty
- the SQ3R method
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Term
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Definition
| a cognitive procedure or mental trick that is designed to improve ones memory |
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Term
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Definition
- acronyms
- acrostics
- pegword system
- method of loci
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Term
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Definition
| information stored in our long-term memory about the world and how it works |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of knowledge to accomplish some sort of goal |
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Term
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Definition
| memory traces that represent objects, events, people, and so on, that are not present at the time |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental representation of the enviorment |
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Term
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Definition
| mental category that contains related bits knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| our concept of the most typical member of the category |
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Term
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Definition
| a shortcut or rule of thumb that may or may not lead to a correct solution to the problem |
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Term
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Definition
| a well-development, syntactical verbal system for representing the word |
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Term
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Definition
| the vowel sounds made by infants beginning at 2 months |
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Term
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Definition
| the combination of vowel and consonant sounds uttered by infants beginning around 4 months |
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Term
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Definition
| two-word sentences tha children begin to utter at 20-26 months |
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Term
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Definition
| abilities that enable you to adapt to your enviorment and behave in a goal-directed way |
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Term
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Definition
| measuring intelligence by measuring cognitive abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| the age that reflects the childs mental abilities in comparison to the average child of the same age |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of years a person has lived, used especially in psychometrics as a standard against which certain variables, such as behavior and intelligence, are measured |
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Term
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Definition
| intelligence quotient (IQ): ones mental age divided by ones chronological age times 100 |
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Term
| triarchic theory of intelligence |
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Definition
| a theory that proposes that intelligence rather than a single, overall level if intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
| charles spearmans notion that there is a general level of intelligence that underlines our separate abililties |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which a test yields consistent measurements of a trait |
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Term
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Definition
| the degreee to which a test measures the trait that it was designed to measure |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which a test puts people from other cultures at an unfair specific nature of the test items |
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Term
triarchic theory
Analytical Intelligence |
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Definition
| is seen in our ability to use logic to reason our way through problems |
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Term
triarchic theory
Practical Intelligence |
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Definition
| is our abililty to adapt to our enviorment |
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Term
triarchic theory
creative intelligence |
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Definition
| is our ability to use our knowledge of the world in novel situations |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that was possess different types of intelligence rather than a single overall level of intelligence |
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Term
| daniel goleman theory if emotional intelligence |
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Definition
- a book
- a concept of inteligence that is basedsolely on cognitive abilities is too limiting
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Term
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Definition
| a tnedency to desire and seek out positive incentives or rewards and to avoid negative outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| innate impulse from within a person that directs or motivates behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| theory of motivation that proposes motivation seeks to reduce internal levels of drive |
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Term
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Definition
| a thoery of motivation that states that we are motivated to seek out activites that allow us to perform at our optimum level of arousal |
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Term
| self-determination theory |
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Definition
| a theory of motivation that emphasizes the fact that as we pursue the fulfillment of basic needs, we are motivated by different types of motivation that come from both our self and the outside world |
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Term
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Definition
| a goal or desire that we are motivated to fulfill |
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Term
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Definition
| motivation that comes from within the person |
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Term
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Definition
| motivation that come from outside the person |
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Term
| Maslows Hierachy of needs |
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Definition
| maslows theory that humans are motivated by different needs, some of which thake precedence over others |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that our body has a particular weight that it seeks to maintain |
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Term
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Definition
| a hunger-stimulatiing hormone produced by the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone released in the gut that reduces hunger |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone released by the small intestines that plays a role in hunger regulation |
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Term
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Definition
| the form of sugar that the body burns as fuel |
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Term
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Definition
| a starchy molecule that is produced from excess glucose in the body; it can be thought of as the bodys stored energy reserves |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone released by fat cells in the body that plays a role in hunger regualtion |
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Term
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Definition
- behavioral factors
- culture and weight-based prejudice
- dieting is hard
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Term
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Definition
| eating disorder that is characterized by alternating bouts of bingeing and inappropriate compensatory behaviors such as purging, fasting, or excessive exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| is an eating disorder that is characterized by self-starvation, intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental health disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating, as in bullimia nervosa, but without regular use of compensatory measures to avoid weight gain |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of motivation that states that the body will counteract the effects of ingested drugs by adjusting its arousal level in a direction opposite that of the drugs effect |
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Term
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Definition
| an unpleasant physiological state that resuts when one stops taking a drug to which he or she has built up a tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition that occurs when a person is motivated to continue taking a drug because to stop taking the drug would result in painful withdrawal symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which after repearted use, more of a drug is needed to acheive the same effect |
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Term
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Definition
| a complex reaction to some internal or external event that involves physiological reactions, behavioral reactions, facial expresions, cognition, and affective responses |
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Term
| affective component of emotion |
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Definition
| the subjective experience of what you are feeling during the emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of emotion that defines an emotion as a unique pattern of physiological arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of emotion that states that emotions originate in the brain not the body |
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Term
| facial feedback hypothesis |
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Definition
| a theory of emotion that states that our emotional state is affected by the feedback our brain gets from facial muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of emotion that states that emotions result when we cognitively interupt our physiological reactions in light of the situation |
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Term
| cognitive-mediational theory |
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Definition
| a theory of emotion that states that our cognitive appraisal of a situation determines what emtion we will feel in the situatiion |
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Term
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Definition
| a proposed set of innate emotions that are common to all humans and from which other, higher-order emotions may derive |
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Term
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Definition
| rules that guide the appropriate expression of emotion within a specific culture |
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