Term
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Definition
internal communication
brain, spinal cord, nerves |
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Definition
| contracts to cause movement |
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Definition
forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, filter
lines a body cavity |
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Definition
| supports, protects, binds other tissues together |
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Term
| special characteristics of epithelium |
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Definition
polarity-
specialized contacts
supported by connective tissues
regenerational |
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Term
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Definition
single layer (very thin)
absorb, secrete, filter |
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Term
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Definition
2 or more layers
common in high abrasion areas |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
tissue is fixed
cut
stained |
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Term
| 5 characteristics of epithelia tissues |
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Definition
Polarity
Supported by connective tissues
Avascular, but innervated- no blood vessels
Can regenerate-high regenerative capacity |
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Term
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Definition
Deep to basal lamina
Network of collagen fibers |
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Term
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Definition
Basal lamina + reticular lamina
Reinforces epithelial sheet
Resists stretching and tearing
Defines epithelial boundary |
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Term
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Definition
Most abundant and widely distributed of primary tissues
Four main classes: Connective tissue proper, Cartilage, Bone,
Blood |
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Term
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Definition
| cell in connective tissue produces collagen and other fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| inactive mesenchymal cell, cell shows minimal cytoplasm, limited rough ER, lacks evidence for protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| derived from mesoderm …loose connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| present in joints, respiratory tract |
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Term
| functions of connective tissue |
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Definition
Binding and support
Protecting
Insulating
Storing reserve fuel
Transporting substances (blood) |
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Term
| 3 different characteristics of connective than other tissues |
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Definition
Have mesenchyme (an embryonic tissue) as their common tissue of origin
2. Have varying degrees of vascularity (blood vessels)
3. Have extracellular matrix
Connective tissue not composed mainly of cells
Largely nonliving extracellular matrix separates cells
So can bear weight, withstand tension, endure abuse |
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Term
| Structural Elements of Connective Tissue |
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Definition
Ground substance
Fibers
Cells |
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Term
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Definition
Unstructured material that fills space between cells
Medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells |
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Term
| types of connective fibers |
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Definition
collagen-Strongest and most abundant type
elastic-Strongest and most abundant type
reticular-Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers, "give" |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| mature form, maintain matrix |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tissue response to injury |
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Term
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Definition
| Initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect |
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Term
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Definition
| Phagocytic cells that "eat" dead cells, microorganisms; function in immune system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Dense regular
Dense irregular
Elastic |
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Term
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Definition
Supports and protects body structures
Stores fat and synthesizes blood cells in cavities |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage |
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Term
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Definition
regeneration-Same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue
Original function restored
fibrosis- Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue
Original function lost |
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Term
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Definition
1-inflammation
2-restores blood supply
3-generation/fibrosis |
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Term
| Primary Germ layers superficial to deep |
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Definition
| ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| One or more cells that secretes |
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Term
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Definition
| glands that secrete products into ducts opening to an epithelium rather than directly into the blood stream. |
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Term
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Definition
| glands that secrete directly into the blood stream |
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Term
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Definition
| most – secrete products by exocytosis as produced |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulate products within then rupture |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulates products within but only apex ruptures – controversy if exist in humans |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Most superficial layer; 20–30 layers of dead cells, essentially
flat membranous sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in
extracellular space. |
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Term
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Definition
Typically five layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating;
cytoplasm full of lamellar granules (release lipids) and
keratohyaline granules. |
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Term
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Definition
Several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes.
Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of
pre-keratin. |
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Term
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Definition
Deepest epidermal layer; one row of actively mitotic stem
cells; some newly formed cells become part of the more
superficial layers. See occasional melanocytes and dendritic
cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| produce keratin, most cells of epidermis, tightly connected |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| macrophanges-key activators of immune system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| deepest layer, single row of stem cells |
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Term
| stratum spinosum (prickly layer) |
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Definition
| Cells contain web-like system of intermediate prekeratin filaments attached to desmosomes |
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Term
| stratum granulosm (granular layer) |
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Definition
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Term
| stratum lucidum (clear layer) |
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Definition
| only in thick skin,a few dead skill cells |
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Term
| stratum corneum (horney layer) |
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Definition
protects from abrasion
20-30 rows of dead sacs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of the integumentary system |
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Definition
protection
body temp regulation
cutaneous senstation (respond to outside stimuli)
metabolic functions
ecretion |
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Term
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Definition
basal cell carcinoma-least malignant
squamos cell carcinoma- scaly, reddened,
melanoma- (cancer of melancyctes), most dangerous |
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Term
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Definition
1-only epidermis is damaged (swelling, redness, an pain)
2-injure epidermis and top dermis (blisters appear)
3-full-thickness burns, gray-white, cherry red, may not be painful since the nerve endings are destroyed |
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Term
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Definition
Long axis of body
Skull, vertebral column, rib cage |
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Term
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Definition
Bones of upper and lower limbs
Girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
Longer than they are wide
Limb, wrist, ankle bones
ex-humerus |
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Term
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Definition
Cube-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle)
Sesamoid bones (within tendons, e.g., Patella)
Vary in size and number in different individuals
ex-talus |
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Term
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Definition
Thin, flat, slightly curved
Sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones
ex-sternum |
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Term
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Definition
Complicated shapes
Vertebrae, coxal bones
ex-vertebra |
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Term
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Definition
have the fulcrum between the load and the effort
May be power levers or speed levers, depending on placement of the fulcrum |
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Term
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Definition
the load is between the fulcrum and the effort
The effort arm is always longer than the load arm, these levers are always power levers
Uncommon in the body |
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Term
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Definition
effort is between the load and the fulcrum, effort arm is always shorter than load arm, these levers are always speed levers.
Most skeletal muscles act as 3rd class lever systems |
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Term
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Definition
ossification-process of bone tissue formation
formation of bony skeleton-2nd month
postnatal bone growth-until early adulthood
bone remodeling/repair-lifelong |
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Term
| Endochondral ossification |
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Definition
Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
Bones called cartilage (endochondral) bones
Forms most of skeleton |
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Term
| Intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
Bone develops from fibrous membrane
Bones called membrane bones
Forms flat bones, e.g. clavicles and cranial bones |
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Term
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Definition
| bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model |
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Term
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Definition
| periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms |
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Term
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Definition
| the diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Interstitial (longitudinal) growth
Increase in length of long bones
Appositional growth
Increase in bone thickness |
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Term
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Definition
Resting (quiescent) zone
Proliferation (growth) zone-cartilage cells undergo mitosis
Hypertrophic zone-older cartilage cells enlarge
Calcification zone-matrix calcifies
Ossification (osteogenic) zone-new bone forms |
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Term
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Definition
| Most important in stimulating epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood |
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Term
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Definition
Modulates activity of growth hormone
Ensures proper proportions |
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Term
| Testosterone (males) and estrogens (females) at puberty |
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Definition
Promote adolescent growth spurts
End growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure |
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Term
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Definition
Consists of both bone deposit and bone resorption
Occurs at surfaces of both periosteum and endosteum
Remodeling units
Adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
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Term
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Definition
Organic and inorganic components give bone its material properties
Youngs modulus
Measure of stiffness of a material
Ratio of stress over strain
If you adjust the components of bone, you directly influence it’s material properties |
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Term
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Definition
Osteomalacia
Bones poorly mineralized
Calcium salts not adequate
Soft, weak bones
Pain upon bearing weight
Rickets (osteomalacia of children)
Bowed legs and other bone deformities
Bones ends enlarged and abnormally long
Cause: Vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium |
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Term
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Definition
| Softening and weakening of bones in children |
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Term
| treatments for osteoporosis |
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Definition
Bisphosphonates
Decrease osteoclast activity and number
Selective estrogen receptor modulators
Mimic estrogen without targeting breast and uterus
Statins
Though for lowering cholesterol also increase bone mineral density
Denosumab
Improves bone density in elderly |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| fracture treatment and repair |
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Definition
Reduction
Realignment of broken bone ends
Closed reduction – physician manipulates to correct position
Open reduction – surgical pins or wires secure ends
Immobilization by cast or traction for healing
Depends on break severity, bone broken, and age of patient |
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Term
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Definition
Torn blood vessels hemorrhage
Clot (hematoma) forms
Site swollen, painful, and inflamed |
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Term
| stages of a fracture healing |
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Definition
1-hematoma forms
2-fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3-bony callus forms
4-bone remodeling occurs |
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