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| Lateral geniculate nucleus; dorsal; where retinal ganglion cells synapse @ midbrain; 2 ventral magno & 4 dorsal parvo |
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| Midget ganglion cells project to what LGN layers? |
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| Damage to the right LGN layers 3, 4, 5, and 6 decreases _____________ field. |
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| color and acuity in the left |
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| Injury to the left LGN layers 1 and 2 decreases ___________ field. |
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| The area of the visual field in which light alters the response of the cell is? |
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| Spatial (center-surround) antagonism is critical for detecting light intensity ____________. |
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| the LGN has 6 layers from...? |
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| What type of cells send neural signals using action potentials? |
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| What other type of cells send neural signals using action potentials? |
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| _________ protein in photopigment determines its wavelength sensitivity. |
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| Both _______ and _________ process information from eye to brain. |
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| What type of ganglion cell is 10%, responsible for motion in periphery, and the "where it is" component? |
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| What is the light-catching chromophore in photopigment? |
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| What ganglion cells show spatial and chromatic antagonism? |
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| Hyperpolarization of rods and cones causes a ___________ in glutamate release. |
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| What type of ganglion cell is 80%, processes color, and has a sustained firing rate? |
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| The Magno ganglion cells project to _________ LGN layers 1 and 2. |
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| Spatial antagonism was first present in what cells? |
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| The photoreceptor resting potential is _____________ or less hyperpolarized than most nerve cells. |
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| In the absorption of a photon, the rhodopsin photoisomerizes from...? |
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| The transducin dis-inhibits or activates phosphodiesterase, which catalyzes the conversion of...? |
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| A _________ bipolar cell has a depolarizing excitatory response if light is increased in the center and decreased in the surround. |
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| What is graded in amplitude according to stimulus intensity? |
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| The parvo ganglion cells are the "_____________" component. |
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| What fits within the skull due to sulci (furrows) and gyri (ridges)? |
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| Rods and Cones __________ in response to light. |
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| This type of bipolar cell has a depolarizing excitatory response if light is decreased in the center and increased in the surround. |
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| The left LGN layers 2, 3, and 5 receive from...? |
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| V1 neurons are ______________ and 20% inhibitory. |
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| What type of cells send neural signals using graded potentials? |
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| Most V1 cells are sensitive to...? |
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| Photoisomerization causes multiplicative activation of what enzyme? |
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| P-Ganglion cells project to _________ layers 3, 4, 5, and 6. |
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| In a Vision Test, low contrast motion is detected in the periphery. This tests the...? |
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| Rods and cones are ___________; the receptive field does not show spatial antagonism. |
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| _____________ surface area underlies computational ability. |
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| The left LGN layers 1, 4, and 6 receive from the...? |
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| Koniocellular LGN receives input from? |
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| What cells send neural signals using graded potentials? |
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| The magno ganglion cells are the "____________" component. |
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| Cortical cells are sensitive to __________ of motion. |
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| Parasol ganglion cells project to what LGN layers? |
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| Phosphodiesterase catalyzes the _________ of CGMP to GMP. |
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| __________ potential is an all or nothing response. |
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| The rod response is limited by the ________ of sodium channels. |
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| Photoreceptors ____________ to light. |
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| Light photo-_________ retinal. |
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| Rods and cones release what? |
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| What cells are responsible for lateral information transfer in outer/middle retina? |
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Definition
| area of visual field w/n which light alters firing rate of cell |
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| 10% of all ganglion cells: |
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| 80-90% of all ganglion cells: |
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| Ganglion cells show __________ antagonism. |
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| Increased contrast --> Increased firing...? |
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| Increased light to surround of an on-center ganglion cell will ___________ the cell. |
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| center-surround cells are stimulated by __________ rather than absolutes. |
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| ________ ganglion cells have a transient response. |
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| What are the 1st retinal cells to signal with action potentials? |
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| Bistratified ganglion cells: |
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| Four ________ parvocellular layers to LGN. |
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| Another name for Midget cells: |
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| Another name for Parasol cells: |
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| X cells are sensitive to position or...? |
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| There is evidence for defect in M-pathway in what disorder? |
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| _____________ input to LGN layers 2, 3, and 5. |
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| ____________ input to LGN layers 1, 4, and 6. |
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| M cells do not respond to ________ patterns. |
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| Two _________ magnocellular layers. |
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| Compared to the skull, the surface area of the cortex is much? |
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| more than _______ of V1 devoted to macula. |
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| over representation of central field = corical _____________. |
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| Layers 2 and 3 of V1 project to? |
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| Layers 5 and 6 of V1 project to? |
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| Unlike most V1 cells, 1st cells in 4C to receive LGN input are? |
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| Modular component of cortical neurons: |
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| M and P streams make specific connections to blobs and _______ space. |
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| Many V1 cells respond best to stimulation of non-corresponding points. This is known as retinal ___________. |
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Definition
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| The best stimulus for an off center cell is...? |
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Definition
| a decrease of light in the center and an increase of light in the surround |
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| What are the events that occur after the absorption of light by rhodopsin in the retina: |
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Definition
- photoisomerizes 11-cis retinal to all trans
- multiplicative activation of transducin
- dis-inhibition (activation) of phosphodiesterase
- lconversion of cGMP to GMP
- closure of outer segment Na+ channels
- hyperpolarizing current spreads to receptor terminal endings decreasing release of glutamate from receptors
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Term
| most midget ganglion cells show: |
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Definition
- color opponency
- comprise the majority of ganglion cells
- synapse in 4 dorsal layers of LGN
- aka P or parvo cells
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Term
| Parasol ganglion cells show: |
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Definition
- transient firing rate
- aka M or magno cells
- synapse in 2 ventral layers of LGN
- mediate motion perception
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Term
| a mass applying pressure to the optic chiasm from below may lead to...? |
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Definition
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| Characteristics of LGN layers: |
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Definition
- 1, 4, & 6 receive contralateral input from nasal retina
- 2, 3, & 5 receive ipsilateral input from temporal retina
- 1 & 2 receive input from parasol cells
- 3, 4, 5, & 6 receive input from midget ganglion cells
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Term
| A lesion affected left LGN layers 3-6 will most likely decrease: |
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Definition
| color vision & acuity in the right visual field |
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| What are the stimulus properties first processed in V1? |
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Definition
- direction of motion
- orientation
- binocularity
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| Where do magno axons synapse? |
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Definition
| in the upper part of layer 4C |
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| The apparent disproportinate area of V1 devoted to central vision is consistent with what? |
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Definition
| ganglion cell distribution and numerosity |
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| Where do the nasal ganglion fibers (axons) from each eye cross & project to the contralateral (opposite side) LGN? |
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Definition
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Term
| a pituitary tumor presses from below on the optic chiasm causing defects in...? |
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Definition
| the temporal field of each eye |
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| Visual area 1 is also known as? |
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Definition
| striate cortex, Broadmann's area 17, primary visual cortex |
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| Compare & Contrast LGN & V1: |
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Definition
| 6 layers to each, but LGN is numbered from bottom to top and V1 is numbered from top to bottom |
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| Define spatial antagonism: |
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Definition
conveys differences in light intensity
contrast; first occurs at bipolar cell level |
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| Define chromatic antagonism: |
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Definition
| color opponency in parvo/midget cells |
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| What is new in the visual cortex in terms of information processing? |
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Definition
| binocular, orientation, direction of motion |
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