means  A group of populations living and interacting in the same area

herbivores that eat producers

are organisms that obtain their energy and nutrients from another living organisms (host) harming it

1.       Spines/ thornes                                                                                            

    3. Production of specialized chemicals

2.       Tough leathering leaves                                                                distasteful interfere w/ digestion, poisonous

1.       Organisms have a tendency to produce more offspring than survive ( if all tomato seeds germinated, then we would all be knee deep in tomato plants)

2.       Only a fraction of the offspring in a population live to produce offspring (don’t live past seedling or seed -> freeze or eaten, etc.)

 Understand the 4 principles of Natural Selection

1.       Individuals in a population vary and these variations are inheritable

2.       Individuals with favorable characteristics produce, on average more offspring that survive to reproduce, than these with unfavorable characteristics “survival of the fittest”

are environmental conditions that determine the outcomes of natural selection

This is the force that drives natural selection <-

artificial selection

is practice of humans to select for certain traits in organisms and control mating

Lateral meristems coincidentally can be found growing laterally to the plant, they grow out the side of it. Lateral meristems are responsible for secondary thickening, which is required by perennial plants that grow year after year, and need the structural support to continue doing so. This thickening occurs at the stem and root sections of the plant, and the secondary growth responsible for this thickening

are the site of repeated cell division of unspecialised cells. These cells differentiate, and become specialised in relation to the function they will perform. Plant growth

are the site of primary growth in a plant, and can be found at the root and shoot tips. Here you can find unspecialised cells, which undergo the following sequence to become a functional part of the plant

carieswater and dissolved nutrients from the roots throughout the plant.  Its basic function is to transport water, but it also transports some nutrients through the plant.

carries/ distributes the products of photosynthesis (mainly from the leaves) to the rest of the plants.

Differences in taproot versus fibrous root

fibrous root systems do not penetrate as deeply into the soil as taproots do, and they are made up of a large number of roots that are all similar in size. Tap root systems are composed of one primary root which is thick and penetrates deeply, while other smaller roots grow off of this primary root. 
taproot systems have an extrememly large surface area, and so are very good at absorbing water when there is enough available near the surface. The advantage of tap roots is that they can get at water lower down in case it does not rain enough,

are deep-rooted in comparison with plants having fibrous roots. The taproot system enables the plant to anchor better to the soil and obtain water from deeper sources.

consisting of a dense mass of slender, adventitious roots that arise from the stem. A fibrous root system has no single large taproot because the embryonic root dies back when the plant is still young. The roots grow downward and outward from the stem, branching repeatedly to form a mass of fine roots.

What are the functions of the root

1) absorption of water and inorganic nutrients,

 2) anchoring of the plant body to the ground, and supporting it,

 3) storage of food and nutrients,

 4) vegetative reproduction

 Know functions of mucigel

·         Protection of rootcap; prevents desiccation

·         Lubrication of rootcap; allows root to more efficiently penetrate the soil

·         Creation of symbiotic environment for nitrogen fixing bacteria (i.e. diazotrophs) and fungi (which help with water absorption)

·         Provision of a 'diffusion bridge' between the fine root system and soil particles, which allows for a more efficient uptake of water and mineral nutrients by roots in dry soils.

 What form do plants store their energy?

Starch, sugar, and oils

Unknown

Structure purposes

Getting more oxygen to the tree

And something to do with gas

 Define epiphytes

A plant that grows on another plant but is not parasitic.

Define humus

 What are the 5 components of soil?

Rock, Sand, Silt, Clay, Humus

 What are the 3 main functions of the stem?

1) absorption of water and inorganic nutrients
2) anchoring of the plant body to the ground
3) function in storage of food and nutrients

What are annual rings?

The layer of wood formed in a plant during a single year

 Define dendrochronology

The study of climate changes and past events by comparing the successive annual growth rings of trees or old timber.

 Differentiate between heartwood and sapwood 

 What are the 2 parts to bark?

Inner and outer bark

the phloem or inner bark, which is found between the cambium and

 the outer bark, acts as a food supply line by carrying sap

rosette is a circular arrangement of leaves, with all the leaves at a single height..

·  A creeping horizontal plant stem or runner that takes root at points along its length to form new plants.

·  An arching stem of a plant that roots at the tip to form a new plant, as in the bramble.

A stiff, sharp-pointed, straight or curved woody projection on the stem or other part of a plant.

A continuously growing horizontal underground stem that puts out lateral shoots and adventitious roots at intervals. usually underground stem that often sends out roots and shoots from its nodes

  A rounded underground storage organ present in some plants, notably those of the lily family, consisting of a short stem surrounded by...

Know the 3 leaf arrangements

Carbon dioxide gas enters the leaves and oxygen gas leaves through the stomata ( along with water vapor

C-A-T describes how H2O is pulled up from the soil into the xylem of roots and up through plan

Define polar (in terms of the water molecule)

Deciduous plants drop off leaves in fall/ autumn go dormant during winter mmonths produce more sugar to stone the evergreens

Evergreen plants do drop needles (modified leaves) but not all at once they have small surface area which reduces rate of transplation

 What are the modified leaves and their functions

1.       Tendrills are twining leaves that offer support for weak stem

2.       Spines modified leaves to prevent from being eaten

3.       Bracts are leaf like structures under flower buds that protect unopened flower buds and support an open flower

1.       that protect unopened flower buds and support an open flower