1.     Do humans live in extremely broad ranges of environments or fairly uniform environments?

1.     Cultural adaptations are responses to _________________ of environments.

Cultural adaptations are responses to stresses of environments. 

 I mentioned in class that foragers today (!Kung San-Kalahari desert; Inuit-Arctic; Aborigines-Australia; & Mbuti-Zaire) are located in marginal areas.  Why is that?

The Kung San-Kalahari Desert, Inuit-Arctic, Aborigines-Australia, Mnuti-Zaire: are located in marginal areas because of military occupation and expanding political boundaries

1.     Know characteristics of foraging groups (i.e. nomadic, have simple, portable technology, band-type community, etc.).

  Why do foragers have simple, portable technology?

1.     What is the division of labor like in foraging groups, and do they have specialists?

1.     Understand the concept of arrow sharing (only discussed in class) among the !Kung San.

Arrow sharing among the Kung San: if Jim is too young to hunt and shares his arrow with someone, the kill that that person makes is considered Jims kill and his family would get to eat first

    Among the !Kung San, a foraging group, what are the 2 basic forms of reciprocity?

Who is the bread winners among the !Kung San?  They gather about what percent of the food calories consumed by the band?

 Foragers are characterized as having more leisure time than any other subsistence strategy, why?

1.     In foraging society, women have responsibilities and respect comparable to men’s.  I.e., men and women have different roles, but they are viewed as _______________ to each other- one is just as important as the other, they work together and are BOTH needed for their group to prosper.

1.     Define pastoralism.

E Africa,S Africa, Sw Asia, central asia, subartic

no they are not found in New world

2 Types of Pastoralism:

transhumant- found mostley in E Africa move with animals reguraly but women and children stay in one perment spot.

Nomatic: everyone moves with the h herd no permanet villiage 

Why is pastoralism a risky business?

•animals as converters of energy

•-store calories “on the hoof”

•-quick source of income

•pan tribal-includes other tribes in the area

•- regulates the relationship between tribes

Gar: scarification; representation of age grade

•no irrigation techniques

•-don’t use plows

•-cultivate small areas (milpa)

•-simple technology

•-production and consumption is household based

•-low yields, little to no surplus

Swidden horticulture fields are used for 1 to 5 years, and must remain fallow for up to 20 years

•layered; upper canopy 100 ft and up

•-under canopy- ground growth..shrubs trees, ferns, etc.

•-supports the greatest diversity of life: 40-50% of all living things

•-very few members of species found in any given spot

•-soils are among thinnest and poorest soils on planet

1.     Define agriculture.  What do agriculturalists utilize?

Relys on animals power and technology

utilize: plows, draft animals, fertilizer,irragation systems, mechanized farming

1.     Define political organization.

1.     All societies need to regulate _________ and maintain _____________   _____________.

Po wer is the control of what?

•coercive = based on force or threat of force

•-consensual = everybody agrees

•- both = most likely way power is achieved

Rebellion:

•-attempt of one group to relocate power within an existing political             structure. EX: civil rights movement

    Revolution:

•-attempt to overthrow existing political structure and replace it

define social differntaionan and know the 3 ideal types 

Def: acces the ppl have to basic resouces wealth and power

•3 TYPES:

–- Egalitarian =  no one has more access to recourses/power than                                                 the others

–- Rank Society = institutionalized differences in prestige but                                                             everyone has basic recourses

–- Stratified Society = formal, permanent, social, and economic

–Inequality; some people are denied access to                                                             recourses; relatively permanent elite class

Bands            Tribes            Chiefdoms            State Society           

- small groups of related families

-20-30 people

-foragers

-don’t have to be born into band it’s a flexible system

-NO formal leader

-make decisions on a group consensus            -a culturally distinct people who are often descended from a common ancestor

-pastoralists and horticulturalists

-social control is embedded in family and religion            -autonomous political unit comprising a # of villages/communities under perm. Control of a chief

-horticulturalists and herders

-heierchacal, socialy stratified , centralized form political organization

-central govt has legal monopoly over use of force

-agriculturalists and industralism

-bureaucracy- administrative hierarchy

-admin. Divisions-states, cities, etc

-each division has its own govt that answers to central govt

2 characteristics of administrative divisions:

•- answers to central government

•-controls many aspects of society

What is law ? is it universal? what are some ex of seperate legal instituion in the U.s.

•parents having sex with children

•- sex between siblings

* exceptions to this rule is parallel and cross cousins

•genetically harmful

•-prevents family disruptions

•- making new outside alliances is good

marry outside a particular group

marry within a particular group

POLYGAMY: (plural marriage) 2 Types

•1. Polygyny- 1 man w/ several women

•2. Polyandry- 1 women to several men

* 75 % of world’s cultures permit polygamy

•Heolocal: couples create their own household

•2. Bilocal: couples can choose between wifes family or husbands

•Family

•3. Patrilocal love with husbands family

•4. Martrilocal: live with wifes family

•5. Avunulocal: love with wife’s uncles family

•Nuclear (conjugal): based on marriage, husband,wife, and kids

•-Extended: when blood relations extending over 3 generations live

•Together

•-Joint: sisters and their husband and kids live together

•-Blended: when divorced people bring all their kids together

•-Family by choice: gay/lesbian relationships

18. # 1 Cause of Divorce: childlessness

: relationships established through blood and through marriage

•- it is the basis for: classifaction of ppl and relation to each, structures of idivisuals rights and obligations, regulates behavior

Non-unilineal (cognatic) Descent Groups:

•-bilateral = most common form; both maternal/paternal binds are used             to trace descent

–-often form smaller networks called kindreds that help regulate                                     rules for inheritance

•-Ambilineal = choose to affiliate with either mother or fathers groups             but not at same time

–-found in pacific island societies

–-who can give them most access to land

–-based on politics

* 40% of world practices non-unilineal

•GENERATION: distinguish ascending and descending order

•-RELATIVE AGE: seniority is important; Ex: older bro and younger                         bro

•-LENEALITY VS. COLLATERALITY: ??

•-GENDER: helps to tell the diff. between relatives whether they’re             male or female. EX: brothers, sisters, aunt, uncle, etc

•-CONSANGUINEAL: related by birth

•-AFFINAL: people related to you by marriage, not blood

•-BIFURCATION: kin terms distinguish between maternal and             paternal sides of family

•-FICTIVE KIN- term used for individuals that are unrelated by birth             or marriage who have an emotionally significant relationship that acts             like family