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Test 2
Test 2 Socilogy
94
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
10/22/2006

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Term
Are a collection of people who interact frequently, share a sense of belonging and have a feeling of interdependancy.
Definition
Social Groups
Term
Same place at teh same time. forming a colelction from seperate parts. example, airline people, shoppers waiting at a stoplight.
Definition
Aggregates
Term
Share a similar characteristics. Example. Students, The Elderly, Native Americans.
Definition
Catagories
Term
Emotion based interaction over an extended peiriod of time according to Cooley.
Definition
Primary Group
Term
Impersonal goal opriented relationships for a limited period of time according to Cooley.
Definition
Secondary Group
Term
Groups to which a person belongs and feels a sense of identity according to Sunner
Definition
Ingroup
Term
Group to which a person doesnt belong and feels a sense of hostilitiy according to sunner
Definition
outgroup
Term
The process of learning how to perform a role attached to a status we do not yet occupy. ex, qunicenera
Definition
Anticipatory Socialization
Term
Influences a person’s behavior and attitudes, regardless of whether they are a member. We may act more like members of a group we want to join than members of groups to which we already belong. They are a source of antcicipatory socialization.
Definition
Refrence groups
Term
group conposed of two members
Definition
Dyad
Term
group composed of three members
Definition
triad
Term
Highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals
Definition
Formal Organiziation
Term
Leader who is most appropriate when the group’s purpose is to complete a task or reach a particular goal.
Definition
Intstumental leadership
Term
Leader who is most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues, and harmony, solidarity, and high morale are needed.
Definition
Expressive Leadership
Term
Leader who is often criticized for fostering intergroup hostility
Definition
Authoritian Leadership
Term
Leader who is praised for supportive behavior and blamed for being indecisive in a crisis
Definition
Democratic Leader
Term
Leader who does not provide active leadership.
Definition
Laissez Faire Leader
Term
Did Research that forced people to pick the line he wanted even though it was wrong
Definition
Asch
Term
A type of organization we join voluntarily to pursue a common interest or gain prestige
Definition
Normative
Term
A type of organization Associations people are forced to join. (Example: boot camps and prisons)
Definition
coercive
Term
Organizations we join voluntarily when they can provide us with a material reward.
Definition
Utalitarian
Term
Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates social norms in the society or group in which it occurs: examples include
drinking too much, robbing a bank,laughing at a funeral
Definition
Devience
Term
Practices that social groups develop to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance.

2 Types
Definition
Social Control
Internal and External Social Control
Term
Social Contral that takes place when individuals internalize norms and values and follow those norms and values in their lives.
Definition
Internal Social Control
Term
Social control that involves negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and punish rule breakers.
Definition
External Social Control
Term
Devience servces three funtions?
Definition
1)Deviance clarifies rules.
2)Deviance unites a group.
3)Deviance promotes social change.
Term
According to Merton's theory of deviance, when they Accepts approved goals, pursues them through approved means.
Definition
Conformity
Term
According to Merton's theory of deviance, when they Accepts approved goals; uses disapproved means.
Definition
Innovation
Term
According to Merton's theory of deviance, when they Abandons society’s goals; conforms to approved means.
Definition
Ritualism
Term
According to Merton's theory of deviance, when they Abandons approved goals and approved means.
Definition
Retreatism
Term
According to Merton's theory of deviance, when they Challenges approved goals and approved means.
Definition
Rebellion
Term
Theory when Deviance occurs when approved means of reaching approved goals is blocked.
Definition
strain theory
Term
Theory When Lower-class delinquents subscribe to middleclass values they can’t attain. They may achieve goals illegitimately
Definition
Oppurtunity Theory
Term
Theory when When ties to family and friends are weak, individuals are likely to engage in criminal behavior.
Definition
Social control / Social Bonding
Term
When Deviant behavior is learned in interaction with others.
Definition
Diffrential Association
Term
Acts are deviant because they have been labeled as such.
Definition
Labeling theory
Term
A person accepts the “deviant” label and continues to engage in “deviant” behavior theory
Definition
Primary/Secondary Theory
Term
The powerful use the criminal justice system to protect their interests.
Definition
Critical approch
Term
Feminist Approach when deviance arises from discrimination.
Definition
Liberal
Term
Feminist approach that focuses on patriarchy
Definition
Radical
Term
Feminist approach that focuses on capitalism and patriarchy
Definition
Socialist
Term
Power, knowledge, and social control are intertwined. Example: In prisons, methods of surveillance make prisoners think they are being watched all the time, giving officials a form of power over the inmates.
Definition
Knowledge is Power
Term
a serious crime such as rape, homicide, or aggravated assault, for which punishment typically ranges from more than a year’s imprisonment to death.
Definition
Crime
Term
a minor crime that is typically punished by less than one year in jail.
Definition
misdemenor
Term
catorization of Crimes
Definition
1) conventional (street) crime
2) occupational (white-collar) and
3) corporate crime
4) organized crime
5) political crime
Term
the punishment should fit the crime.
Definition
Retribution
Term
restrict offenders so they can’t commit further crimes.
Definition
Social Protection
Term
Hierarchy of social groups based on control over ....
Definition
Resources
Term
System in whitch boundaries between hierarchies may be influenced by people’s achieved statuses.
Definition
OPen System
Term
System in which boundaries between hierarchies are rigid, people’s positions are set by ascribed status.
Definition
Closed System
Term
Status is determined at birth based on parents’ ascribed characteristics.grow weaker as societies industrialize.
can remain for hundreds of years after they are “officially” abolished.
Definition
Caste
Term
type of stratification based on the ownership and control of resources and on the type of work people do. Movement is Horizontal and Vertical
Definition
class system
Term
occurs when people experience a gain or loss in position and/or income that does not produce a change in their place in the class structure.
Definition
Horizontal Mobility
Term
movement up or down the class structure is.
Definition
Vertical Movement
Term
Low-income, less developed countries can move to middle- and high-income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth.
Definition
Modernization Theory
Term
Poor nations are trapped in a cycle of dependency on richer nations.
Definition
Dependacy Theory
Term
wages, salaries, government aid, and property
Definition
Income
Term
value of economic assets, including income and property
Definition
Wealth
Term
Marxian Criteria for Class Success
Definition
Ownership of the means of production.
Employing others.
Supervising others on the job.
Being employed by someone else.
Term
comprised of people who own substantial income-producing assets
Definition
Upper Class
Term
based on university degrees, authority on the job, and high income.
Definition
Upper Middle Class
Term
a minimum of a high school diploma or a community college degree.
Definition
Middle Class
Term
semiskilled workers, in routine, mechanized jobs, and workers in pink collar occupations.
Definition
Working Class
Term
live just above to just below the poverty line
Definition
Working Poor
Term
people who are poor, seldom employed, and caught in long-term deprivation.
Definition
Underclass
Term
those who have inherited fortunes, own corporations, are corporate executives who control company investments.
Definition
Capitalist Class
Term
upper-level managers and lower-level managers who may have control over employment practices.
Definition
Managerial Class
Term
small business owners, craftspeople, and professionals who hire a few employees and do their own work.
Definition
Small Buisness Class
Term
blue-collar workers and white-collar workers who do not own the means of production.
Definition
Working Class
Term
poverty exists when people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life.
Definition
absouloute poverty
Term
poverty exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.
Definition
Relaitve Poverty
Term
a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other attributes.
Definition
Race
Term
group that is advantaged and has superior resources and rights in a society.
Definition
Donimant Group
Term
one whose members are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the dominant group and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.
Definition
Subordinate Group
Term
A negative attitude based on generalizations about members of selected racial, ethnic, or other groups.
Definition
Prejudice
Term
refers to the tendency to regard one’s own culture and group as the standard.
Definition
Ethnocentrism
Term
are overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.
Definition
Sterotypes
Term
A set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.
Definition
Racism
Term
States that people who are frustrated in their efforts to achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a pattern of aggression toward others.
Definition
Frustration–aggression hypothesis
Term
Characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking.
Definition
Authoritarian Personality
Term
Four types of prejudices
Definition
1)Isolate Discrimnation
2) Small Group Discriminaiton
3) Direct institutionalized discrimination
4) Indirect institutionalized discrimination
Term
Special education classes may have contributed to racial stereotyping.
Definition
Indirect institutionalized discrimination
Term
Intentional exclusion of people of color from public accommodations.
Definition
Direct institutionalized discrimination
Term
Small group of white students defacing a professor’s office with racist epithets
Definition
Small-group discrimination
Term
A prejudiced judge giving harsher sentences to African American defendants.
Definition
Isolate discrimination
Term
Contact Hypothesis
Definition
Contact between divergent groups should be positive as long as group members:
Have equal status.
Pursue the same goals.
Cooperate with one another to achieve goals.
Receive positive feedback while interacting.
Term
A process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture.
Definition
Assimilation
Term
The coexistence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society.
Definition
Ethnic Pluralism
Term
Perspective in which views racial and ethnic inequality as a permanent feature of U.S. society.
Definition
Caste Perspective
Term
Perspective thatemphasize the role of the capitalist class in racial exploitation
Definition
Class perspectives
Term
occurs when members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered or colonized and forcibly placed under the control of the dominant group.
Definition
Internal Colonialism
Term
The division of the economy into a primary sector composed of higher paid workers in more secure jobs, and a secondary sector of lower-paid workers in jobs with little security and hazardous working conditions.
Definition
Split Labor Market
Term
The belief that racism is such an ingrained feature of U.S. society that it appears to be ordinary and natural to many people.
The belief that interest convergence is a crucial factor in bringing about social change
Definition
Critical Race Theory
Term
Most disadvantaged group in the U.S. in terms of income, employment, housing, and nutrition
Definition
Native Americans
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