Term
Which of the following archaea are opportunistic pathogens of humans? |
|
Definition
no archaea are pathogens (at least none that of which we know) |
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Term
Which of the following act as barrier defenses against the entry of pathogens into the body? |
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Definition
Skin, mucus, ciliated epithelial cells, and stomach acid are all examples of barrier defenses that act to prevent the entry of pathogens into the body. |
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Term
Cholera toxin is an example of a cytotonic enterotoxin. What is a cytotonic enterotoxin? |
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Definition
a toxin that acts in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract , a toxin that alters host cells without killing them (entero in GI tract, -tonic alters activity vs -lytic which kills) |
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Term
Certain organisms, for example Salmonella Typhi, are able to establish a state of chronic carriage in some individuals. What does chronic carriage mean? |
|
Definition
the organism colonizes or establishes inapparent infection in those individuals |
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Term
Which of the following is/are clinical signs of disease? |
|
Definition
Fever (stuff you can measure) |
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Term
The Gram-positive bacterium, Clostridium difficile, an obligate anaerobe, can give rise to endogenous infections that result in antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal disease. Which of the following statements about C. difficile is/are correct? |
|
Definition
-presence will always cause disease -grow best at low oxygen levels -it's endogenous: meaning it is normally in our intestines but doesn't cause disease until normal bacteria is wiped out by antibiotics
Can colonize healthy people |
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Term
What happens when a pathogen infects a dead-end host? |
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Definition
The pathogen cannot be transmitted to a new host |
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Term
Diphtheria toxin is an example of a cytolytic toxin. What is a cytolytic toxin? |
|
Definition
a toxin that causes cell death |
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Term
What class of microbial pathogens causes most endogenous infections of humans? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is/are characteristics of organisms that establish exogenous infections in humans? |
|
Definition
They don't colonize humans before infecting them |
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Term
Which of the following are characteristics of a facultative intracellular pathogen? |
|
Definition
it can grow inside host cells and also outside host cells |
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Term
Excessive cytokine production causes which of the following immunopathologies? |
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Definition
Toxic shcok syndrome, Delayed Type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions, chronic inflammation. (all of the above) |
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Term
The Gram-negative bacterium, Campylobacter jejuni is generally considered to have a low infective dose in humans. What does it mean to have a low infective dose? |
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Definition
only a few organisms are necessary to cause disease |
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Term
Which of the following mechanisms for local invasion of tissues potentially could be employed by an obligate extracellular pathogen? |
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Definition
cytolytic exotoxins are produced by the invading pathogen, hyaluronidase is produced by the invading pathogen |
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Term
Which of the following types of clinical specimens would not normally contain microorganisms (specimens come from normally sterile sites)? |
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Definition
blood, cerebral spinal fluid |
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Term
The Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis is an obligate pathogen of humans. What is an obligate pathogen? |
|
Definition
an organism that always causes disease when in a host |
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Term
In the context of medical microbiology, the term ?Parasite? refers specifically to which of the following? |
|
Definition
any eukaryotic pathogen that is not a fungus |
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Term
Which of the following may be consequences of a failure by the immune system to resolve an infection? |
|
Definition
death of host, persistent infection of the host |
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|
Term
Which of the following are virulence factors commonly found among protozoan parasites? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following are possible outcomes of viral interaction with a cell? |
|
Definition
infection without cell death, failed infection, latent infection, cell death (all of the above) |
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|
Term
Which of the following are routes by which pathogens potentially can disseminate within the body? |
|
Definition
systemic spread of microbe after local invasion at or near PoE, loaclized infection or systemic disease |
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Term
Which of the following factors determine whether an opportunistic pathogen will cause disease? |
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Definition
whether the host is immunodeficient, virulence factors, inoculum load of pathogen is high |
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Term
Among viruses that commonly cause human disease, which of the following virus?host interactions result in active replication and production of new virus particles? |
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Definition
infection without cell death |
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Term
Which of the following are cell?mediated effectors of the adaptive immune system? |
|
Definition
TH1 T cell, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte |
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Term
Which of the following statements is/are true of the adaptive immune system in humans? |
|
Definition
adapts to microbes/pathogens you're exposed to during life, specifically recognizes molecules, requires times initiated by innate immune system |
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Term
Which of the following are beneficial effects of local, short?term inflammation? |
|
Definition
immune system effector molecules and cells are delivered to sites of infection increases drainage of tissue fluid into lymph generates physical barrier to spread of infection repair of injured tissue promoted |
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|
Term
Which of the following are effector functions of complement small fragments? |
|
Definition
local pro-inflammatory activity, chemoattractant for neutrophils |
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|
Term
Which of the following myeloid cell types are granulocytes? |
|
Definition
neutrophils, basophilsm eosinophils |
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|
Term
Which of the following strategies is/are used by Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, to prevent it from being killed after uptake into host cells by phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
resistant to environmental changes by phagolysosomes, low infectious dose, uses type IV secretion system |
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Term
Which of the following strategies is/are used by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, to prevent it from being killed after uptake into host cells by phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
prevents formation of phagolysosome |
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Term
Which of the following strategies is/are used by Rickettsia rickettsii, the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, to prevent it from being killed after uptake into host cells by phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
Bacteria rupture the phagosome membrane and escape into the cytoplasm of the host cell. |
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|
Term
Which of the following humoral and/or cellular effectors of the innate immune system contribute most to the control of infections caused by extracellular bacteria? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following humoral and/or cellular effectors of the innate immune system contribute most to the control of infections caused by viruses? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following are humoral effectors of the innate immune system? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following statements is/are true of the innate immune system in humans? |
|
Definition
Preformed components, early induced, has physical barriers, checkpoints, recognizes limited repertoire of pathogen-specific molecules |
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|
Term
Which of the following cell types are leukocytes? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following events occur during a local inflammatory response? |
|
Definition
synthesis of acute phase proteins, influx of phagocytic cells to site of infection |
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|
Term
Which of the following cell types of the lymphoid lineage are phagocytic? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following are effector functions of macrophages? |
|
Definition
phagocytosis and digestion of cellular pathogens and debris release pro-inflammatory cytokines release chemokines to attract neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes activiate NK cells |
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|
Term
Macrophages are a differentiated form of which of the following types of cells? |
|
Definition
monocyte, myeloid lineage |
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|
Term
Which of the following molecules can act as opsonins? |
|
Definition
complement large fragments, specific antibodies, acute phase proteins, |
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|
Term
Which of the following behaviors may be induced in innate immune system cells upon detection of pathogen?specific molecules or structures? |
|
Definition
influx of phagocytic cells to site of infection local inflammation synthesis of acute phase proteins |
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Term
Which of the following types of bactericidal molecules are made from scratch in the phagolysosome of macrophages? |
|
Definition
hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, nitric oxide |
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|
Term
?/??interferons have which of the following functions? |
|
Definition
antiviral activity, suppress infection |
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|
Term
Tumor necrosis factor ? has which of the following functions? |
|
Definition
causes cellular and physiological changes for inflammation, release pro-inflammatory cytokine, activates endothelial cells and causes increased vasuclar permeability |
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|
Term
Which of the following signs and symptoms of localized inflammation are caused by vasodilation? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following do the mechanisms of cell killing used by phagocytes and cytotoxic Tlymphocytes have in common? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following kinds of antigens can be recognized by B-cell receptors? |
|
Definition
Proteins Peptides (small protein fragments) Polysaccharides (carbs) Haptens (small molecules of any kind) |
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Term
Staphylococcus aureus is an encapsulated, extracellular bacterial pathogen that can cause a variety of diseases. Which of the following humoral and/or cellular effectors of the immune system would be most important for clearing S. aureus infections? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Following vaccination with MMR, which of these humoral and/or cellular effectors of the immune system would be most important for clearing the virus infections? |
|
Definition
CTLS and Neutralizing Antibodies |
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|
Term
Which of the following cell types can present antigens to naïve CD8+ T-cells? |
|
Definition
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells |
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Term
L. pneumophila is a bacterium that is taken up by macrophages by phagocytosis. L. pneumophila blocks phagolysosome fusion and grows in the phagosome.Which of the following humoral and/or cellular effectors of the immune system would be most important for clearing L. pneumophila infections? |
|
Definition
TH1 T cells and activated macrophages |
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|
Term
Which of the following vaccines, identified by their abbreviations, are polysaccharide-conjugates? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Why are conjugate vaccines needed in infants to confer immunity to encapsulated bacteria? |
|
Definition
T-independent antibody responses are not fully developed in infants. Bacterial capsular polysaccharide antigens require an unusual form of T cell help to genrate a anitbody response. This form of T cell help is not present in infants until age 2 |
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Term
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects CD4+ T-cells and ultimately kills them. Untreated HIV infection results in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Which of the following immune system defects in AIDS patients is/are directly caused by the loss of CD4+ Tcells? |
|
Definition
Activation of macrophages by TH1 T cells phagocytosis of extracellular bacteria by neutrophils extravasation of monocytes killing of infected host cells by cytotoxic t lymphocytes |
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|
Term
Which of the following statements is/are true of herd immunity? |
|
Definition
It can protect a population against pathogens when not every individual is immune. It can apply to populations of any kind of organisms Is not applicable to pathogens that cannot be transmitted horizontally The specific fraction of the population must be immune for herd immunity to operate varies depending on the shedding and transmission characteristic of the pathogen. |
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Term
Human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV-18) is sexually transmitted and can establish persistent infections of mucosal epithelia. Following vaccination, which of the following humoral and/or cellular effectors of the immune system would be most important for protecting against HPV-18 infection? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following vaccines, identified by their abbreviations, are polysaccharideconjugates? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following cell types contribute to the maintenance of serum antibody levels after resolution of an infection? |
|
Definition
Long term producer B Cells, Plasma Cells, T Cells |
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|
Term
Which of the following applications of epidemiology typically would be used to monitor an ongoing immunization program? |
|
Definition
Data collection Data analysis Determine frequency with which disease is observed vs expected in each sement of population Data from medical records or surveys |
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|
Term
Which of the following statements is/are true of immunological memory? |
|
Definition
It is conferred in part by pools of antigen specific memory T cells Memory B cells do not secrete antibody Activation of naïve b cells are suppressed during second exposure to antigen |
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|
Term
Why does the number of microbes present in the body keep increasing during the early phase of a typical adaptive immune response? |
|
Definition
The innate immune system has failed to control the infection Time is required for clonal expansion of lymphocytes to take place Humoral and cell mediated effectors of the adaptive system have not yet been produced in sufficient numbers. |
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|
Term
Which of the following are features of the immune response to a secondary antigenic challenge? |
|
Definition
Memory B cells reactivated IgG is produced before IgM Antigen specific memory T-cells will be reactivated Secondary response occurs faster than primary |
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|
Term
Against which of the following vaccine-preventable diseases is/are the U.S. general public immunized routinely? |
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Definition
Hib PCV HPV IPV DtaP Hep A Hep B Rv Influenza MCV4 MMR Varicella |
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|
Term
Which of the following vaccines, identified by their abbreviations, contain infectious (live) viruses? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following diseases is the Tdap vaccine intended to prevent? |
|
Definition
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis |
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|
Term
Which of the following immune responses is/are defective in patients who have AIDS? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following humoral and/or cellular effectors of the immune system would be most important for clearing L. pneumophila infections? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following is/are characteristics of an inapparent infection? |
|
Definition
Fever, Inflammation, flu like symptoms |
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|
Term
Which of the following are possible outcomes of infection with hepatitis B virus? |
|
Definition
Cirrhosis of the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma associated with chronic infection by hepatitis B virus. ( develop long-term sequelae/ persistent infection) |
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Term
Which of the following is/are characteristic of organisms that establish endogenous infections in humans? |
|
Definition
a. Endogenous infections are caused by microbes that normally colonize the host.
b. Amoung the four classes of pathogens, only bacteria and fungi normally colonize humans, and bacteria are by far the most common to cause endogenous infections. |
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Term
The Gram-negative bacterium, Vibrio cholerae generally is considered to have a high infective dose in humans. What does it mean to have a high infective dose? |
|
Definition
A lot of bacteria have to be ingested in order to cause disease |
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|
Term
Which of the following factors contribute to pathogenesis (disease causation) for all types of microbial pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites)? |
|
Definition
virulence factors
inflammation cytotoxins antigenic variation interference (e.g reduces expression of MHC 1 on infected viruses) stealth (hiding from immune system ) misdirection of immune responses |
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|
Term
Which of the following cell types is/are involved only in antigen-spcific immune responses? |
|
Definition
a. T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes |
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Term
People with liver damages have reduced capacity to control infection by a number of bacteria and fungi. Which of the following immune systemcomponets would you expect to be affected directly by liver damage? |
|
Definition
a. Macrophages activated in the liver and spleen screte TNF-a into the bloodstreem; this induces a local protective effect. Macrophages release TNF-a. Systemic infection with gram-neg bacteria: sepsis. |
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Term
After encontering a pathogen in perifperal tissues, plasmacytoid dendritic cells do which of the following? |
|
Definition
a. They are lymphoid lineage
Although not part of the phagocytic effector response of the immune system, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, in common with myeloid dendritic cells, use phagocytosis to sample antigens from pathogens. Peptides generated inside the vacuolar compartment are displayed by MHC II molecules on the surface of the dendritic cell. These peptide antigens are then presented to CD4 + T-cells to initiate adaptive immune responses.
None of the other lymphoid cell types is phagocytic. |
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|
Term
Which of the following cell types can activate macrophages? |
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Definition
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|
Term
What two types of signaling molecules are secreted by macrophages when they detect bacteria? |
|
Definition
a. cytokines and chemokines. |
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|
Term
What is the purpose of clonal deletion during lymphocyte development? |
|
Definition
a. developing lymphocytes that are poteintally self-reactive are removed before they can mature. |
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|
Term
What is the purpose of clonal expansion during an adaptive immune response? |
|
Definition
a. in Activated immunity the proliferatoino and differentiation of activated specific lymphoyes to form a clone of effector cells ; effector cells eliminate antigens. |
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Term
If a person is exposed to rabies virus via a bite wond, what class (es) of antibody directed against the virus would be most likely to prevent systematic spread of the infection? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Vibrio Cholerae O1 is an extracellular pathogen that causes disease without invading tissues. What class (es) of antibody directed against V. cholerae O1, or its exotoxin, would be able to protect against infection by the bacterium? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following are factors that might predispose an affected person to Chromobacterium violaceum infection? |
|
Definition
host immune system weakened microbe gains access to normally sterile sites large inoculum size microbe has virulence factors |
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Term
Which of the following strategies may be used by intracellular pathogens to avoid being killed following phagocytosis into macrophages? |
|
Definition
polysaccharide capsule enzymes capable of lysing phagocytic cells blocking phagolysosome fusion |
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|
Term
Which of the following are effector functions of complement large fragments? |
|
Definition
Get cross linked onto target cell membrane (limits diffusion), prevents collateral damage, opsonize bacteria (makes them susceptible to bacteria). |
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|
Term
Which of the following are characteristics of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern? |
|
Definition
receptors of PAMPS are invariant are signatures of broad classes of pathogen are detected by binding to host cell receptors or to secreted molecules. are souble (diffusible) molescules like fMLF and LPS are part of pathogen surfaces repeating mannose-fucose units in bacterial cell walls. |
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|
Term
Which of the following types of leukocytes may undergo extravasation at a site of local inflammation? |
|
Definition
a. neutrophils and macrophages are the principal inflammatory cells. |
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|
Term
Which of the following important molecules of the innate immune system are involved in attracting leukocytes to sites of infections? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following are among the microbial cell killing mechanisms used by phagocytes? |
|
Definition
engulfment of microbe in a phagosome phagosome acidifies and fuses with lysosome acidification formation of toxic oxygen formation of toxic nitrogen oxides antimicrobial peptides enzymes competitors |
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|
Term
Which of the following cell types can present antigens to CD8+ T-Cells? |
|
Definition
a. MHC class I, dendritic cells |
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|
Term
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen that infects macrophages. Which of the following humoral and/or cellular effectors of the immune system would be most important for combating infection by M. tuberculosis ? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Clostridium tetani is an extracellular pathogen that can cause systemic disease, even though it does not invade tissues. What class(es) of antibody directed against C. tetani , or its exotoxin, would be important for preventing tetanus? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following cell types can activate B cells to produce antibody? |
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Definition
a. Professional antigen presenting cell. pg. 343/Native B Cells |
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Term
Unlike Vibrio cholerae, the related extracellular bacterium Vibrio vulnificus can cause invasive disease (septicemia). What isotype(s) of antibody generated in response to infection would contribute to the control of V. vulnificus invasive disease, but not to the control of V. cholerae infection? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Where in the body would activated dendritic cells most commonly be found? |
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Definition
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|
Term
After encountering a pathogen in peripheral tissues, myeloid dendritic cells do which of the following? |
|
Definition
Bind and phagocytose any pathogen molecules (antigens), migrate to afferent lymphatics, and then go to the nearest lymph nodes |
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|
Term
In which of the following places in the body would macrophages be found? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
In which of the following places in the body would naïve lymphocytes be found? |
|
Definition
Efferent lymphatics, blood, lymph node |
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|
Term
Which of the following drug-resistance mechanisms is/are found only in bacteria? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
In which of the following classes of pathogen does antimicrobial drug resistance occur by enzymatic inactivation of the drug? |
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Definition
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|
Term
In which of the following classes of pathogen does antimicrobial drug resistance occur through mutations in target enzymes that prevent drug binding? |
|
Definition
Fungi, Parasites, Bacteria, and Viruses (all of them) |
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Term
Which are examples of immediate actions that might be taken by public health authorities in response to case of a reportable disease? |
|
Definition
Isolation, Restriction, Emerging Pathogen Surveillance, PEP of Case Contacts Needed, and Contact Tracing |
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Term
Which of the following diseases should be reported immediately to the local health department if they are suspected by a physician in North Carolina? |
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Definition
Anthrax, Botulism, Plague, Smallpox, Tulgaremia, Novel Influenza, and Hemorrhagic Fever Virus |
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|
Term
A pos. PPD skin test for tuberculosis involves which of the following humoral and/or cellular effectors of the adaptive immune system? |
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Definition
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|
Term
For which of the following types of infectious disease would supportive care alone be an appropriate treatment? |
|
Definition
For diseases where treatment doesn't improve outcome or noncurative diseases such as Ebola/Hemorrhagic Fever and HUS |
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|
Term
What type of infections is combination therapy with antimicrobial agents intended to treat? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following potentially could be a curative treatment for an infectious disease? |
|
Definition
Antimicrobial agents or Surgical Treatment |
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Term
Which of the following types of test results might help a clinician to refine a differential diagnosis? |
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Definition
Blood work, acid fast test, gram stains, culture, serology (ELISA), PCR, PPD, or Chest X-Rays |
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Term
In which of the following places in the body would naïve lymphocytes encounter their antigen for the first time? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following types of intracellular pathogens would be expected to enter cells by phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
Bacteria, fungi, or parasites |
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|
Term
Which of the following types of intracellular pathogens would be expected to enter cells by endocytosis? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following are effector functions of terminal complement components? |
|
Definition
Signal for help, pro-inflammatory signal, and enhances phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are effector functions of neutrophils? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following are effector functions of natural killer cells? |
|
Definition
kill any abnormal host cells |
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Term
Which of the following are similarities between the cell killing mechanism utilized by the complement system and that of natural killer cells? |
|
Definition
Both create pores in target cell's cell membrane |
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|
Term
In which of the following places in the body would monocytes be found? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following are potential targets of antimicrobial drugs? |
|
Definition
growth and actual microbe |
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|
Term
Which of the following mechanisms can lead to drug resistances in viruses? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following are components of cough etiquette (respiratory hygiene)? |
|
Definition
Cover mouth and nose when you sneeze cough into tissue, sleeve, but not hand discard used tissues into waste container washing hands with soap and running water practice hand hygiene afterwards |
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|
Term
Which of the following pathogens are transmitted by the airborne route? |
|
Definition
? Measles virus ? Tuberculosis ? Varicella Zoster |
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|
Term
Against which of the following diseases could herd immunity help to protect a human population? |
|
Definition
Whopping cough, pertussis |
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|
Term
Which of the following are considered to be vertical routes of pathogen transmission? |
|
Definition
Spread of infection from mothers to newborns This can occur across the placenta during pregnancy (placental fetal) during process of giving birth (maternal parturition) after birth when pathogen is passed from mother to newborn (maternal neonatal) |
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|
Term
Which of the following is/are characteristics of most pathogens that are maintained in humans? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
In public health, which of the following is/are control measures that would be implemented only in response to an outbreak of disease? |
|
Definition
Recall of contaminated food Isolation orders and quarantine orders Post exposure prophylaxis |
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|
Term
Which of the following may be vectors for human pathogens? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which of the following statements is/are true of zoonotic infections? |
|
Definition
They are always caused by pathogens that have animal reservoirs Infections that are transmitted to humans from a vertbrate, non-human reservoir can occur with direct or indirect contact unable to be transmitted from human to another human |
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|
Term
Use of disinfectant would be appropriate for which of the following? |
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Definition
Reducing microbial contamination of surfaces |
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Term
Which of the following types of pathogens are most likely to be transmitted vertically by the maternal-parturition route? |
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Definition
Pathogens transmitted horizontally by urogenital sexual route |
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|
Term
Which of the following constitute active surveillance for disease outbreaks? |
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Definition
Real time monitoring by public health agencies of hospital admission data and sentinel sites |
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Term
Which of the following characteristics would enable a pathogen to be transmitted efficiently to naïve hosts? |
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Definition
It becomes airborne in respiratory droplet nuclei |
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