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| is a member of the priestly class in the Indian subcontinent and belongs to the upper caste society. According to the Manusmṛti, there are four "varnas", or classes: the Brahmins (poets, priests, teachers, scholars), the Kshatriyas (kings, agriculturists and nobility), the Vaishyas (merchants), and Shudras (artisans, service providers and laborers) |
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| Kashtriya, meaning warrior, is one of the four varnas (social orders) in Hinduism |
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| is the lowest[citation needed] Varna in the traditional four-section division in the Caste system |
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| The four Varnas are Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra |
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| The Paraiyar enjoyed a privileged position in the society of the Sangam period. They were traditionally farmers and weavers |
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| is a major Hindu deity, and the Destroyer or transformer among the Trimurti, the Hindu Trinity of the primary aspects of the divine |
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| means release - is the liberation from samsara and the concomitant suffering involved in being subject to the cycle of repeated death and reincarnation. |
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| is a central concept in Indian religions. In sramanic thought, it is the state of being free from suffering In Hindu philosophy, it is the union with the Supreme being through moksha. |
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| is the concept of "action" or "deed", understood as that which causes the entire cycle of cause and effec |
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| means "Great Hero", is the name most commonly used to refer to the Indian sage Vardhamana is the name most commonly used to refer to the Indian sage Vardhamana is the name most commonly used to refer to the Indian sage Vardhamana is the name most commonly used to refer to the Indian sage Vardhamana who established what are today considered to be the central tenets of Jainism. |
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| was a spiritual teacher who founded Buddhism. |
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| are a large body of texts originating in ancient India. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism |
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| is one of the nine fundamental principles, or Tattva in Jain philosophy, and refers to the shedding or destruction of accumulated karmas from the atma (soul), essential for breaking free from samsara, the cycle of birth-death and rebirth, by achieving moksha, liberation.[ |
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| is a major river which flows through Pakistan. |
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| is a large mountain range spanning the borders between Pakistan, India and China, located in the regions of Gilgit-Baltistan |
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| is a mountain range in Asia, separating the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. |
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| riginally formed in the early 1st century AD under Kujula Kadphises in the territories of ancient Bactria on either side of the middle course of the Oxus River or Amu Darya in what is now northern Afghanistan, and southern Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. |
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| is a mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics, typically the remains of Buddha, used by Buddhists as a place of worship. |
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| is a desert in Central Asia, in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. |
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| was a Greek ethnographer in the Hellenistic period, author of the work Indica. He was born in Asia Minor (modern day Turkey) and became an ambassador of Seleucus I of Syria to the court of Sandrocottus, who possibly is Chandragupta Maurya in Pataliputra, |
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| was the founder of the Maurya Empire. Chandragupta succeeded in conquering most of the Indian subcontinent. According to some ancient Buddhist texts he claims descent from the Shakya rulers of solar race. |
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| popularly known as Ashoka the Great, was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent.One of India's greatest emperors, Ashoka reigned over most of present-day India after a number of military conquests. |
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| means Law or Natural Law (as in the natural order of things) and is a concept of central importance in Indian philosophy and religion. In the context of Hinduism, it refers to one's personal obligations, |
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| is a mountain pass that links Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Pass was an integral part of the ancient Silk Road and throughout history, it has been an important trade route between Central Asia and South Asia and a strategic military location. |
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| was one of the largest city-settlements in the Indus Valley Civilization which thrived in ancient times along the Indus River. |
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| Civil war that results in the claspe of the Mauryans. After Asoka's death in 232 B.C.E. the Mauryan Empire began to decline.The last Mauryan ruler was overthrown by one of his military commanders, and India slipped back into disunity. |
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| is a desert region in the southern provinces of Helmand and Nimruz in Afghanistan. The desert is adjacent to the Khash Desert and Rigestan. |
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| is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world |
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| is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.With nearly 4,000 years of continuous history, China is one of the world's oldest civilizations. |
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| was according to traditional sources the second Chinese dynasty, after the Xia Dynasty. They ruled in the northeastern regions of the area known as "China proper" in the Yellow River valley. According to the chronology based upon calculations by Liu Xin, the Shang ruled between 1766 BC and 1122 BC |
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| was a ruling dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai Khan, who ruled most of present-day China, all of modern Mongolia and its surrounding areas,[2] lasting officially from 1271[3] to 1368.[4]Yuan Dynasty followed the Song Dynasty and preceded the Ming Dynast |
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| was a ruling dynasty in China between 960 and 1279; it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, and was followed by the Yuan Dynasty. It was the first government in world history to issue banknotes or paper money, and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy. |
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| was an ephemeral Imperial Chinese dynasty which unified China in the 6th century. Preceded by the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it ended nearly four centuries of division between rival regimes. It was followed by the Tang Dynasty. |
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| was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BCE) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms (220–265 CE). It was founded by the peasant rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty |
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| was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty |
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| is a large desert region in Asia. It covers parts of northern and northwestern China, and of southern Mongolia. The desert basins of the Gobi are bounded by the Altai Mountains and the grasslands and steppes of Mongolia on the north, |
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| He is regarded as the founder of Chinese civilizatio or the Yellow Emperor, is a half-historical, half-legendary Chinese sovereign and cultural hero presented in Chinese history and mythology. He is said to be the ancestor of all Huaxia Chinese. Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors |
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| mid 29th century BCE, was the first of the Three Sovereigns of ancient China. He is a culture hero reputed to be the inventor of writing, fishing, and trapping. |
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| also known as the Emperor of the Five Grains , was a ruler of China and cultural hero who lived some 5,000 years ago and who taught the ancient Chinese the practices of agriculture. Appropriately, his name means "the Divine Farmer". Considered to be the father of Chinese agriculture, Shennong taught his people how to cultivate grain as food, so as to avoid killing animals. |
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| Hwang Ho / Yellow River or Huang He |
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| The Yellow River or Huang He / Hwang Ho,is the second-longest river in China (after the Yangtze River) and the sixth-longest in the world at the estimated length of 5,464 kilometers |
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| was a Chinese feudal state that existed during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods of Chinese history. It emerged as one of the dominant superpowers of the Seven Warring States by the 3rd century BC and eventually united China under its rule in 221 BC, after which it is referred to as the Qin Dynasty. |
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| was one of the main philosophic currents during the Warring States Period (and before), although the term itself was invented in the Han dynasty and thus does not refer to an organized 'school' of thought. Legalism was a utilitarian political philosophy that did not address higher questions like the nature and purpose of life |
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| was a top-level supervisory agency in ancient China, first established during the Qin Dynasty |
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| refers to a variety of related philosophical and religious traditions that have influenced Eastern Asia for more than two millennia. They also notably influenced the Western world, particularly since the 19th century.Taoist propriety and ethics emphasize the Three Jewels of the Tao: compassion, moderation, and humility, while Taoist thought generally focuses on nature, the relationship between humanity and the cosmos |
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| is used to describe how polar or seemingly contrary forces are interconnected and interdependent in the natural world, and how they give rise to each other in turn. Opposites thus only exist in relation to each other. The concept lies at the origins of many branches of classical Chinese science and philosophy, as well as being a primary guideline of traditional Chinese medicine, |
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| is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius It is a complex system of moral, social, political, philosophical, and quasi-religious thought that influenced the culture and history of East Asia. |
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| s a Chinese thinker and social philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period. |
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| is the longest river in Asia, and the third-longest in the world. It flows for |
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| s an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, as well as North and Northeast Africa and Europe. |
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| are a Turkic ethnic group living in Eastern and Central Asia. Today, Uyghurs live primarily in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China |
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| were a confederation of nomadic tribes from Central Asia with a ruling class of unknown origin. |
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| is a traditional Chinese philosophical concept concerning the legitimacy of rulers. It is similar to the European concept of the divine right of kings, in that both sought to legitimize rule from divine approval; however, unlike the divine right of kings, the Mandate of Heaven is predicated on the conduct of the ruler in question. The Mandate of Heaven postulates that heaven (Tian) would bless the authority of a just ruler, as defined by the Five Confucian Relationships, but would be displeased with a despotic ruler and would withdraw its mandate, leading to the overthrow of that ruler. |
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| is a metaphysical concept originating in Daoism that has been adopted in Confucianism, Chán and Zen Buddhism and more broadly in East Asian religions and ancient Chinese philosophy. While the word itself literally translates as 'way', 'path', or 'route', or sometimes more loosely as 'doctrine' or 'principle', it is generally used to signify the primordial essence or fundamental aspect of the universe |
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| n northern China, built originally to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire against intrusions by various nomadic groups. Several walls have been built since the 5th century BC that are referred to collectively as the Great Wall, which has been rebuilt and maintained from the 5th century BC through the 16th century. One of the most famous is the wall built between 220–206 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. 4000 miles long |
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| is a Chinese God with a third truth-seeing eye in the middle of his forehead. |
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| was a Chinese land distribution method |
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| he Zhou dynasty lasted longer than any other dynasty in Chinese history — though the actual political and military control of China by the dynasty only lasted during the Western Zhou period. During the Zhou Dynasty, the use of iron was introduced to China,[ |
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| also known as the Era of Warring States, covers the period from about 475 BC to the unification of China under the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC. It is nominally considered to be the second part of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, following the Spring and Autumn Period, although the Zhou Dynasty ended in 256 BC, 35 years earlier than the end of the Warring States period. During these periods, the Chinese sovereign (king of the Zhou Dynasty) was merely a figurehead. |
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| was a mystic philosopher of ancient China, and best known as the author of the Tao Te Ching. |
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| was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty of China, ruling from 141 BC to 87 BC. Emperor Wu is best remembered for the vast territorial expansion that occurred under his reign, as well as the strong and centralized Confucian state he organized |
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| is a country in southeastern Europe. Situated on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula, Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. |
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| is the "Father of Gods and men"[3] who ruled the Olympians of Mount Olympus as a father ruled the family. He was the god of sky and thunder in Greek mythology. His Roman counterpart was Jupiter and his Etruscan counterpart was Tinia. |
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| was a Greek historian and author from Alimos. His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of "scientific history", because of his strict standards of evidence-gathering and analysis in terms of cause and effect without reference to intervention by the gods, as outlined in his introduction to his work |
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| Taking place at the polis, a place for debate or meeting in ancient Athens |
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| was the popular deliberative assembly in the Ancient Greek city-state of Sparta, corresponding to the ecclesia in most other Greek states. Every Spartan male full citizen who had completed his thirtieth year was entitled to attend the meetings, which, according to Lycurgus's ordinance, must be held at the time of each full moon within the boundaries of Sparta. |
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| a sanctuary of ancient Greece in Elis, is known for having been the site of the Olympic Games |
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| is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea |
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| She was highly educated woman who was never married. She was an Ancient Greek poet, born on the island of Lesbos. Later Greeks included her in the list of nine lyric poets |
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| is both an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western spur of Mount Parnassus in the valley of Phocis.n Greek mythology, Delphi was the site of the Delphic oracle, the most important oracle in the classical Greek world, and a major site for the worship of the god Apollo after he slew the Python |
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| is the goddess of wisdom, civilization, warfare, strength, strategy, crafts, justice and skill. Minerva, Athena's Roman incarnation, embodies similar attributes |
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| s a piece of pottery (or stone), usually broken off from a vase or other earthenware vessel. In archaeology, ostraca may contain scratched-in words or other forms of writing which may give clues as to the time when the piece was in use. |
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| was an Athenian politician and a general. He was one of a new breed of politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the Athenian democracy, along with his great rival Aristides. n the years after Marathon, and in the run up to the second Persian invasion he became the most prominent politician in Athens. He continued to advocate a strong Athenian navy, and in 483 BC he persuaded the Athenians to build a fleet of 100 triremes; these would prove crucial in the forthcoming conflict with Persia. |
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| was a classical Greek Athenian philosopher. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. |
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| was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. |
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| was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), |
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| The Gerousia was the Spartan senate (council of elders). It was made up of 60 year old Spartan males. |
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| was a senior military title in various ancient Greek city states (poleis). |
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| Like a king, a bad king. looks to his own advantage and his families rather than that of his subjects, and uses extreme and cruel tactics -- against his own people as well as others" |
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| is a Greek word that means "ruler" or "lord", frequently used as the title of a specific public office. I |
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| is a state or one of its subordinate civil authorities, such as a province, prefecture, county, municipality, city, or district |
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| is a form of political organization in which all people, through consensus (consensus democracy), direct referendum (direct democracy), or elected representatives (representative democracy) exercise equal control over the matters which affect their interests |
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| is a form of power structure in which power effectively rests with a small number of people. |
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| is one of three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays have survived. |
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| referred to actions that shamed and humiliated the victim for the pleasure or gratification of the abuser.[1] The term had a strong sexual connotation, and the shame reflected on the perpetrator as well. |
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| was an ancient city at the location of modern Sart in Turkey's Manisa Province. Sardis was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia, one of the important cities of the Persian Empire, |
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| was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in archaic Athens. His reforms failed in the short term yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy. |
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| was the legendary lawgiver of Sparta, who established the military-oriented reformation of Spartan society in accordance with the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi. |
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| is the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, and is revered as the greatest ancient Greek epic poet. These epics are at the beginning of the Western canon of literature, and have had an enormous influence on the history of literature. |
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| literally means city in Greek. It could also mean citizenship and body of citizens. In modern historiography "polis" is normally used to indicate the ancient greek city-states, like Classical Athens and its contemporaries, so polis is often translated as "city-state." |
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| ) was a tyrant of Athens from 546 to 527/8 BC. His legacy lies primarily in his institution of the Panathenaic Festival and the consequent first attempt at producing a definitive version for Homeric epics. |
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| A play writer, he would write the play trojan Women. |
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| Women who dressed up like a man to get into the Olympic games for her son. |
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| was a noble Athenian of the Alcmaeonid family. He is credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democratic footing in 508/7 BC.[1] For these accomplishments, historians refer to him as "the father of Athenian democracy."[2] He was the maternal grandson of the tyrant Cleisthenes of Sicyon, as the younger son of the latter's daughter Agariste and her husband Megacles. |
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| was a member of an immensely wealthy Athenian noble family, the Philaids. He is said to have opposed the tyrant Peisistratus, which may explain why he left Athens around 550 BC to found a colony in the Thracian Chersonese |
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| ook place in 490 BC, during the first Persian invasion of Greece. It was fought between the citizens of Athens, aided by Plataea, and a Persian force commanded by Datis and Artaphernes. It was the culmination of the first attempt by Persia, under King Darius I, to subjugate Greece. |
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| is the largest Greek island in the Saronic Gulf, about 1 nautical mile (2 km) off-coast from Piraeus and about 16 km west of Athens |
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was an ancient city, located in Greece in southeastern Boeotia, south of Thebes.[1] It was the location of the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC, in which an alliance of Greek city-states defeated the Persians.
Plataea was destroyed in the Peloponnesian War by Thebes and Sparta in 427 BC and rebuilt in 386 BC. |
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| was a hero-king of Sparta, the 17th of the Agiad line, one of the sons of King Anaxandridas II of Sparta, who was believed in mythology to be a descendant of Heracles, possessing much of the latter's strength and bravery. He is notable for his leadership at the Battle of Thermopylae. |
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| was the third "king of kings" (emperor) of the Achaemenid Empire. Darius held the empire at its peak, then including Egypt, Balochistan, and parts of Greece. The decay and eventual downfall of the empire commenced with his death and the ascension of his son, Xerxes I.[1] |
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| Becomes king of Persia and inhierates an army to beat Greece |
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| Thermopylae is primarily known for the battle that took place there in 480 BC, in which an outnumbered Greek force of four thousand (including the famous 300 Spartans, 500 warriors from Tegea, 500 from Mantinea, 120 from Orchamenus, 1000 from the rest of Arcadia, 200 from Philius, 80 Mycenae, 700 Corinthians and 400 Thebans) held off a substantially larger force of Persians under Xerxes. |
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