Term
|
Definition
| Built into the plasma membrane of postsynaptic cell-accepts neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
| Excitatory postsynaptic potential |
|
Definition
| Serves as the depolarization stimulus for the production of action potentials-conducted by cable properties from dendrite to axon hillock |
|
|
Term
| Inhibitory postsynaptic potential |
|
Definition
| Hyperpolarization of postsynaptic cell-decrease in amplitude when traveling towards axon hillock |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Neurotransmitter is released when this element enters the axon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This element has an inhibitory effect when it enters the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term used to describe when synaptic potentials ride piggyback on each other and produce a larger depolarization |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Excitatory receptors, produce EPSPs, found in particular brain regions and skeletal muscle fiber, found in autonomic ganglia stimulating sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breaks down ACh, stops stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug from south american trees that causes flaccid paralysis by blocking binding of ACh to nicotinic receptors |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Disease that causes flaccid paralysis due to autoantibodies that block muscle nicotinic ACh receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes spastic paralysis by inhibiting AChE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clinical inhibitor of AChE to stimulate muscle contraction in diseases like myasthenia gravis |
|
|
Term
| GABA-gamma-aminobutyric acid |
|
Definition
| Inhibitory neurotransmitter that lets Cl- into the postsynaptic cell causing hyperpolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uncontrolled movements in certain diseases |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Neurodegenerative disorder caused by a deficiency of GABA releasing neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that killed MJ that potentiates GABA receptor activity, lead to cardiac arrthymia, hypotension, and suppresion of respiratory activity |
|
|
Term
| G-protein coupled receptors |
|
Definition
| Receptors that use second messengers alpha beta and gamma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drugs that increase the ability of GABA to activate its receptors in the brain and spinal cord. Example is Valium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Receptors that can be excitatory or inhibitory. G protein coupled receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, adrenaline, serotonin, catecholamines (derived from tyrosine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Second messenger for monoamine neurotransmitters, activates protein kinase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Catalyzes conversion of ATP to cAMP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that add phosphate groups to other proteins, opens ion channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that affects are produced by binding to reuptake transporter for dopamine, resulting in overstimulation of neural pathways. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme that breaks down monoamines in presymaptic cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neurons that release dopamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Second most common neurodegenerative disorder, degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the motor areas of the brain. Too little dopamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Precursor to dopamine, given to parkinson's patients because dopamine doesn't cross the blood brain barrier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antagonize dopamine receptors, for schizophrenia (too much dopamine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reduce activity of monoamine oxidase so less monoamines are broken down. Helps with depression and panic attacks. Side Effect-hypertensive crises. Eating foods rich in tyramine (cheese syndrome) may cause adverse reactions |
|
|
Term
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors |
|
Definition
| Inhibit serotonin transporters from taking out serotonin from synaptic cleft. Like Lexapro, prozac, paxil, and zoloft |
|
|
Term
| Tricyclic antidepressants |
|
Definition
| Older group of antidepressants, thought to interfere with reuptake of norepinephrine and sertonin, also have antihistamine and anticholinergic effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ragged, stop and start breathing pattern that indicates a malfunction in brain stem |
|
|
Term
| Gamma hydroxybutyrate, G, Ecstasy, Georgia Home Boy, Cherry meth |
|
Definition
| Stimulant in small doses, binds to gaba receptors, large doses-lights out effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is what the CNS begins as. Formed from the ectoderm (surface layer of embryonic tissue) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This structrue ultimately forms the ganglia of PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Embryonic structure that becomes the cerebrum |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Embryonic structure that becomes the Thalamus and hypothalamus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Embryonic structure that becomes the midbrain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Embryonic structure that becomes the Pons and Cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Embryonic structure that becomes the Medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains stem cells that divide to replenish themselves to produce new neurons and glial cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| contain CSF and surrounds brain and spoinal cord within meninges |
|
|
Term
| Spinal Tap/Lumbar Puncture |
|
Definition
| Withdraw small amount of CSF between L3 and L4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the meninges caused by bacteria or viruses |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by blockages to the flow of CSF, resulting build up of CSF increases intracranial pressure |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Recording of the electrical currents in the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of sleep where dreams occur, EEG patters are desynchronized,sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Largest portion of brain (80% of mass) has gray and white matter, responsible for sensory perception, motor control, language, emotion, and memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connect the two hemispheres of brain, tract of about 200 million axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner white matter of cerebrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elevated folds of brain's convolutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depressed grooves of the brain's convolutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seperates Frontal and Parietal lobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anterior to the central sulcus, upper motor neurons, motor cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Posterior to central sulcus, somatesthetic sensations, arising from skin, muscles, tendons, and joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lobes not seen from surface, involved in interpreting smells and integrating sensations of pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Axons crossing over from one side of the body to the other, most occer at level of medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Different hemispheres have different specializations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Left inferior frontal lobe, weakness in right arm, slow and poorly articulated speech, understand what is spoken |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| adjacent regions of parietal and temporal lobes, language comprehension is destroyed, words come out like mixed salad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Includes hippocampus and amygdala, functions incl aggression, fear, sex, goal-directed behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of neurons in hippocampus and cerebral cortex, accumulation of neurofibrillar tangles, accumulation of amyloid B-peptida in deposits called senile plaques |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Masses of gray matter that helps control body movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most prominent structure of basal nuclei, collection of gray matter nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulate activity of GABA releasing neurons in the basal nuclei, part of midbrain, when degraded produces parkinson's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relay center of brain, all sensory input except for smell passes through |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Controls pituitary gland, produces senstaion of thirst, thermostat, regulates sleep, contribute to sexual arousal |
|
|
Term
| Posterior Pituitary(Neurohypophysis |
|
Definition
| Formed from projection down of brain, secretes vasopressin and oxytocin, not produces-just secreted |
|
|
Term
| Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) |
|
Definition
| Not derived from neural tissue. Makes nad secretes TSH,FSH,LH,ACTH,GH, prolactin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located to left and right of hypothalamus, function as clock cells, regulate circadian rhythms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where melatonin is secreted |
|
|
Term
| Nigrostriatal dopamine system |
|
Definition
| loss of neurons here causes parkinsons, travels from substantia nigra to basal nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Mesolimbic dopamine system |
|
Definition
| Participates in emotional reward. goes from midbrain to limbic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| buried deep in frontal lobe, abused drugs promote the release of dopamine here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lack of coordination resulting from damage to the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has vital centers including respiratory center, vasomotor center, and cardiac control center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Motor difficulties on one side of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People with damage here show lack of motivation and sexual desire and have defects in cognitive ability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This area is required for pleasure and reward, receives input from all the senses and connection to the limbic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Test that takes a few minutes to test for dementia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that releases vasopressin toward the end of the sleep period |
|
|
Term
| Organum vasculosum lamina terminalis |
|
Definition
| Senses loss of water and signal release of vasopressin and induces thirst |
|
|
Term
| Trigeminal neuralgia, tic douloureux |
|
Definition
| Caused by compression of the sensory axons in cranial nerve V just before it eneters the pons, causing action potentials in the sensory axons, common in middle aged and elderly people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most common cause of facial paralysis, cranial nerve VII, goes away after a few months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Axons from different levels of the spinal cord come together here, eg sciatic nerve, give rise to nerve that can be quite large |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal side of spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulation of spinal motor neurons allows for motor control of these, association neurons in the motor areas of the brain |
|
|
Term
| Somatic motor neurons/lower motor neurons |
|
Definition
| spinal motor neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle, cell bodies in gray metter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neuron cell bodies of sensory neurons in a spinal nerve, bulge, pseudounipolar |
|
|
Term
| Monosynaptic muscle stretch reflex |
|
Definition
| Produces reflex arc, like knee-jerk reflex, sensory neuron synapes directly witht he somatic motor neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actions potentials arc into the spinal cord in the sensory neuron and out the motor neuron |
|
|
Term
| Muscle stretch receptor/muscle spindle |
|
Definition
| contains intrafusal fibers that are packaged together and attached to the tendons, stretched when muscle is stretched |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First produce spinal shock, then muscle spasticity, lack of GABA, baclogen helps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may last several weeks, temporary loss or reduction of spinal cord reflexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GABA derivative that can help reduce muscle spasms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptor that inhibits contraction of a muxcle when its tendons are under increased tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stiumlation of agonist with inhibition of antagonist muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synapse between somatic motor neuron adn skeletal muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what depolariztion is called in muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| end of somatic motor neuron produces these that synapse with different muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collective name of somatic motor neuron and muscle fiber it innervates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of activatin more and larger motor units |
|
|
Term
| neuromuscular blocking drugs` |
|
Definition
| given before surgery to relax muscles, based on curare and block ACh from binding to receptors, atracurium, mivacurium, pancuronium |
|
|
Term
| Examples of neuromuscular blocking drugs |
|
Definition
| atracurium, mivacurium, pancuronium, succinyl-choline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neuromuscular blocking drug that first causes depolarization and then blocks the ACh receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Another name for hte sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, preganglionic neurons have cell bodies from t1 to L2 |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic chain of ganglia |
|
Definition
| Preganglionic axons synapse with the post ganglionic neruons on each side of the spinal cord here |
|
|
Term
| Collateral sympathetic ganglia |
|
Definition
| Associated with the digestive tract, some preganglionic neurons pass throught chain and synapse here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no ganglia or synapse here. derived from neural crest, preganglionic sympathetic axons synapse directly here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sympathetic division of ANS and adrenal medulla funtion together to be called this... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Another name for the parasympathetic division of the ANS. Cell bodies reside in brain and sacral region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synapes that are next to or within the organs they serve in the parasympathetic NS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preganglionic parasympathetic axon of the oculomotor nerve synapse here, constrict iris, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessive activation of the sympathetic division below lesion, constriction of blood vessels in vescera and skin, elevate bp, results in flushing above lesion and painful headached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This drug block the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, too much NT in cleft, when used in combination with alcohol more deadly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drug that promotes sympathetic nerve effects, lead to increase in heart rate and constriction of coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In cardiac muscle cells, stimulate increased heart rate, antihypertensives can block this receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells of the pulmonary airways that promote relaxation of smooth muscle, asthma treatment can stiumlate this receptor, dilation of skeletal muscle vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulate contraction of vascular smooth muscle causing vasoconstriction, contraction of skeletal muscle vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mostly found in presynaptic axon terminals, reduce activity of sympathoadrenal system, drugs that promote vasoconstriction stiumlate this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synapses that use ACh as a neurotransmitter, can bind to nicotinic or muscarinic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that inhibits parasympathetic effects. Blocks muscarinic ACh receptors. comes from belladonna, dilate pupils, help with peptic ulcers and irritable bowel syndrome, treat nerve gas exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| For treatment of asthma, Act on specific stimulators of B2 adrenergic receptors in the airways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Longer acting inhaled agonists of B2 adrenergic receptors in lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| May be given intravenously to increase cardiac output and BP for shock, selective B1 adrenergic receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates both a and B adrenergic receptors to treat cardiac arrest or anaphylactic shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapid fall in BP due to an excessive allergic reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Block B1adrenergic receptors to treat hypertension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acts on a adrenergic recepts and used to treat hypotension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long actine a1 adrenergic receptor agonist for orthostatic/postural hypotension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates a1 adrenergic receptors to cuase vasoconstiction of carotid artery to treat vascular and migraine headaches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits serotonin to cause dilation of carotid artery branches, helps with headaches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a2-adrenergic receptor in CNS that reduces overall sympathoadrenal activity, used for withdrawal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tabun, sarin, inbibitors of AChE so ACh excessive stiumulation on all cholinergic synapses, treated with atropine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lockjaw, early sign of tetanus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| telltale smile on tetanus victims, toxin has affected masseters |
|
|
Term
| bacillus clostridium tetani |
|
Definition
| excreted in the feces of animals, bacteria that causes tetany |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movemetn disorder triggered by certain prescription drugs, diphenhydramine usual antidote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar symptoms to tetanus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptors that respond to chemicals in the external environment and internal environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to stimuli that deform the plams membrane, produce sensations of touch and pressure in the skin, also equilibrium nad hearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to light, found in retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptors in muscles, joints, tendons, and ligaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory receptors in our skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptors that respond continuously to stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory adaptation, after a while we stop paying attention to constant stiumli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain receptors in the skin. Heat cold and pain are just naked dendrites |
|
|
Term
| Ruffini endings/Merkel's discs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meissner's corpuscles/Pacinian corpuscles |
|
Definition
| structures containing sensory dendrites sensative to pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ion channel and receptor for capsaicin-hot temperatures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensations from cutanious receptors and proprioceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| like angina pectoris,signals get crossed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 70% of amputees have complete pain sensations 'arising' from the missing limb. The stump nerve ending generate action potentials. Also there is reorganization in the thalamus and postcentral gyrus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responds to molecules from outside the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responds to molecules from inside the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized epithelial cells inside barrel shaped taste buds. Long microvilli bathed in saliva |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| savory, stimulated by amino acid glutamate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific receptor proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sense of smell, bipolar neurons in olfactory epithelium, sent directly to the medial temporal lobe, including the limbic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Another name for taste sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists of cochlea and vestibular apparatus, filled with perilymph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists of 3 semicircular canas, utricle and saccule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located within bony labyrinth, filled with endolymph, contains hair cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hair like extensions in endolymph, mechanoreceptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large extension, like stereocilia, when stereocilia are ben towards this, plasma membrane is depolarized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contians crystals of calcium carbonate,hair cells stick here in the utricle and saccule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Senses back and forth motion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Senses verticle motion, AP increased when accelerating downward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| swelling at base of each semicircular canal, contains cupula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hair cells project up in the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth and embed in this gelatinous membrane. inside ampulla, when this bends, the hairs cells inside it bend too |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involuntary oscillations of the eyes, like when you stop your spinning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease that can lead to degeneration of hair cells, tinnitus early symptom, vestibular nystagmus is one symptom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner ear ringing, like in meniere's disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by superior canal dehiscence, vertigo and balance problems caused by sound |
|
|
Term
| Superior canal dehiscence |
|
Definition
| anatomical defect caused when portions of the temporal bone over the canal is thin or absent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Names for outer ear that transmit sound waves to external auditory meatus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the outer ear canal, like swimmer's ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the middle ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passageway from middle ear to nasopharynx, produces popping of ears to equalize pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| scala media/cochlear duct |
|
Definition
| membranous labyrinth in the cochlea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upper compartment of sochlea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower compartment of cochlea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gelatinous membrane of cochlea where the stereocilia of hair cells stick up into |
|
|
Term
| Spiral organ/organ of Corti |
|
Definition
| Structures of the cochlea that convert sound into action potentials |
|
|
Term
| benign paroxysmal positional vertigo |
|
Definition
| most common cause of positional vertigo, otoconia are dislodged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tiny chunks of calcium carbonate crystals in the ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| standard treatment for BPPV, manipulate the head nad neck into certain postions to put otoconia back in place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Damage to the tympanic membrane or middle ear ossicles, affects all frequencies, treated with hearing aids |
|
|
Term
| Sensorineural/perception deafness |
|
Definition
| occurs when transmission of impulses anywhere from cochlea to auditory cortex is impaired, results from pathological processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| device to help with sensorineural deafness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made of transparent collagen fibers, in the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Middle, thin, darkly pigmented layer of eye, vascular, absorbs stray light rays |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin layer of reflective tissue within the choroid of cats and stuff |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suspends the lens, attaches to it by suspensory ligament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterior chamber of anterior cavity |
|
Definition
| space between cornea and iris |
|
|
Term
| Posterior chamber of anterior cavity |
|
Definition
| space between iris and lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behind the lens, has vitreous humor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secreted by the ciliary body into the posterior chamber and passes through the pupil into the anterior chamber, drained by the canal of schlemm to venous blood, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| returns aqueous humor to venous blood, blockage causes glaucoma |
|
|
Term
| Muscae volitantes/Floaters |
|
Definition
| Small bits of protein or cells floating in the vitreous humor, do not go away |
|
|
Term
| Posterior vitreous detachment |
|
Definition
| Membrane surrounding vitreous humor collapses inward and detaches from the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where the optic nerve leaves, blind spot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bending of light from one medium on another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins in cell cytoplasm of avascular lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| damage from UV light, dehydration, oxidation cause crystallin proteins to change shape and produce cloudy patches in person's visual field, can surgically replace the lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase in near point of vision, especially in elderly, decreased elasticity of lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to sharpness of vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 20/10 You see at 20 feet what a normal person can see at 10 feet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nearsighted, correct with concave lens, eyeball too short |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| farsighted, eyeball too long, correct with convex lenses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis, reshape the cornea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Make one eye undercorrected for reading and the other dominant for distance vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provide black and white vision, outside fovea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provide color vision, in fovea |
|
|
Term
| Retinal pigment epithelium |
|
Definition
| Where the tips of the outer segments of the rods and cones are embedded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the presence of light breaks down into retinal and opsin. Retinal goes from 11-cis with opsin to all-trans without opsin |
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Term
| Dominant retinitis pigmentosa |
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Definition
| mutant gene for opsin. C to A. Rods before cones. Lose periphery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lose Central vision, degeneration of macula lutea |
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Term
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Definition
| People that only have two kinds of functioning cones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| where we automatically adjust our eyes to focus, each cone has a direct line to the brain here, only has cones |
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Term
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Definition
| Area around fovea centralis |
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Term
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Definition
| general name for growth of new blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| growth of new blood vessels into a tissue |
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Term
| Vascular endothelial growth factor |
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Definition
| paracrine regulator that stimulates growth of blood vessels to a tumor |
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Term
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Definition
| Differently colored dots that can be seen through an opthalamoscope, seen with macular degeneration |
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Term
| Pancreatic islet/ islet of Langerhans |
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Definition
| endocrine part of pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| Polar hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine, secreted by the adrenal medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| synthetic androgens that promote protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| T4/thyroxine, major thyroid hormone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stalk that connects hypothalamus to the pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
| another name for the anterior pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
| another name for the posterior pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
| ADH, acts on kidneys to promote retention of water |
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Term
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Definition
| pitocin, contracts uterus, contract mammary ducts,sexual arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| baby cry, milk shoot out, caused by oxytocin |
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Term
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Definition
| pregnancy induced hypertension,induce birth by oxytocin injection |
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Term
| hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract |
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Definition
| goes between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary, axons |
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Term
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Definition
| Control the secretion of ADH and oxytocin |
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Term
| Growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating, adrenocorticotropic, follicle-stimulating, luteinizing, prolactin |
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Definition
| hormones secreted and produced by anterior pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates protein synthesis and promotes tissue and organ growth |
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Term
| Thyroid stimulating hormone |
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Definition
| stimulates thyroid to secrete T3 and T4 |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Definition
| stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete its corticosteroids like cortisol |
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Term
| follicle stimulating hormone |
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Definition
| stiumlates the growth of ovarian follicles in women and sperm in men |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates formation of corpus luteum (F) and leydig cells to secrete testosterone (M) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates milk prodution after baby is born |
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Term
| hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system |
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Definition
| system of blood vessels at the base of the hypothalamus that is drained into venules that carry blood to anterior pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
| Too little GH in childhood |
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|
Term
| pituitary cachexis/Simmonds' disease |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Corticotropin releasing, thyrotropin releasing, gonadotropin releasing, growth hormone releaseing, somatostatin, prolactin inhibiting |
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Definition
| Examples of hypothalamic regulatory hormones |
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|
Term
| corticotropin-releasing hmo |
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Definition
| stimultes AP to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Term
| Thyrotropin-releasing hormone |
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Definition
| stimulates AP to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone |
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|
Term
| gonadotropin releasing hormone |
|
Definition
| stimulates AP to secrete both gonadotropics (FSH and LH) |
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibits AP from secreting growth hormone |
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|
Term
| growth hormone releasing hormone |
|
Definition
| stimulates AP to secrete GH |
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|
Term
| Prolactin inhibiting hormone |
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Definition
| ingibits AP from secreting prolactin |
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Term
|
Definition
| negative feedback system, hypothalamus secretes GnRH, AP secretes GSH and LH,gonads secrete sex hormones which inhibit secretion of FSH and LH and GnRH |
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Term
|
Definition
| oversecretion of corticosteroids, moon face, buffalo hump |
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Term
|
Definition
| too little corticosteroids, electrolyte imbalances and dehydration, JFK had it |
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Term
| Prednisolone, dexamethasone |
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Definition
| glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, supress secretion of ACTH, taper off |
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Term
|
Definition
| second messenger used by epinephrine |
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Term
| Three types of corticosteroids |
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Definition
| glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, weak androgens |
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Term
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Definition
| regulate metabolism to reaise blood glucose concentration (glycogenolysis but more of gluconeogenesis) |
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Term
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Definition
| steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, nonpolar |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates mineral and electrolyte concentrations in the blood, like aldosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| androstenedione, testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| receptor proteins for nonpolar steroid and thyroid hormones because they are inside the cells |
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Term
| General adaptation syndrome |
|
Definition
| increase in cortisol in response to stress, can repair stuff |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates the kidneys to retain more Na and water to not be hypotensive and also to excrete more K |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical regulator that is produces when there is a fall in blood volume and pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| water balloon like structures filled with colloid, combines iodine with thyroglobulin |
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Term
|
Definition
| precursor or T4 and T3, combines with iodine in the colloid |
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Term
|
Definition
| protein rich fluid in the thyroid follicles |
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|
Term
| thyroxine binding globulin |
|
Definition
| blood carrier that transports nonpolar T4 |
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Term
|
Definition
| goiter caused by stimulation of the thyroid by autoantibodies |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| low thyroxine, severe mental retardation, babies |
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