Term
| What property limits the size of a cell? |
|
Definition
| Surface area: volume ratio |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
| Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles |
|
|
Term
| How are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells in terms of stucture and metabolism? |
|
Definition
| Prokaryotic cells have simple structure, complex metabolism, and can be adapted to live in hostile enviroments. Eukaryotic cells are complex in stucture. |
|
|
Term
| What structures do prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells share? What structures are present in only one or the other? |
|
Definition
| Both- cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes. Prokaryotic- nucleoid, capsule, pilli. Eukaryotic- organelles. |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic structure of plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
| boundary; limits entry and exit of substances |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic structure of nucleus? |
|
Definition
| bounded by double membrane, contains DNA |
|
|
Term
What is the basic structure of
nucleolus |
|
Definition
| site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly |
|
|
Term
What is the basic structure of
nucleoid |
|
Definition
| area of DNA in prokaryotes |
|
|
Term
What is the basic structure of
eukaryotic DNA |
|
Definition
| linear, in complex with protein |
|
|
Term
What is the basic structure of
prokaryotic DNA |
|
Definition
| circular; can have accessory plasmids |
|
|
Term
What is the basic structure of
endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough) |
|
Definition
| network of membranous tubules; continuous with outer nuclear membrane; rough ER has ribosomes |
|
|
Term
What is the basic structure of
golgi apparatus |
|
Definition
| processes, packages, and distributes proteins and other macromolecules |
|
|
Term
What is the basic structure of
lysosomes |
|
Definition
| degrade macromolecules; enzymes funtion at acidic pH |
|
|
Term
What is the basic structure of
peroxisomes |
|
Definition
| metabolism of lipids' produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product |
|
|
Term
What is the basic structure of
mitochondria |
|
Definition
| produces energy in the form of ATP; double membrane; contains its own circular DNA and ribosomes; in all eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
What is the basic structure of
chloroplast |
|
Definition
| uses solar energy, carbon dioxide and water to make carbohydrate; double membrane; contains its own circular DNA and ribosomes; only in plants and algae |
|
|
Term
What is the basic structure of
ribosome |
|
Definition
| site of protein synthesis; can be cytosolic or on the ER |
|
|
Term
What is the basic structure of
cell wall |
|
Definition
| found in all cell types except animal cells; provides structural strength and protects cells |
|
|
Term
What is the basic structure of
central vacuole |
|
Definition
| water storage; only in plants |
|
|
Term
| which organelle is continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which organelles have a double membrane? |
|
Definition
| nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast |
|
|
Term
| which organelles are part of the endomembrane system? |
|
Definition
| ER, Golgi complex, lysosome |
|
|
Term
| which eukaryotic organelles contain circular DNA? |
|
Definition
| Mitochondria, chloroplast |
|
|
Term
| what makes the rough endoplasmic reticulum rough? and what is the destination of proteins synthesized on the rough ER? |
|
Definition
| Ribosomes/ they are secreted or within the membrane |
|
|
Term
| where within the cell are proteins synthesized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in proteins synthesized at these two sites? |
|
Definition
| rough ER proteins are secreted or within membrane; cytosolic proteins used in cystol |
|
|
Term
where are lipids synthesized?
where are they metabolized (broken down)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organelle is acidic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organelle produces hydrogen peroxide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are ribosomes located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single mRNA plus multiple ribosomes, all producing protein from the same RNA |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 major components of the cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
| actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules. |
|
|
Term
| what is the general function of the cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cytoskeletal component is important for the "crawling" movement of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cytoskeletal component is important for movement of organelles and vesicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cytoskeletal component serves primarily as a "cable" for structural reinforcement within the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cytoskeletal component is contained within cilia and flagella? and how is it arranged? |
|
Definition
| Microtubules, and they are arranged in a 9+2 |
|
|
Term
| What does the movement of all cells and organelles require? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which types of cells have a cell wall?
Which type of cell does not have a cell wall? |
|
Definition
prokaryotes, plants, fungi
animal cells |
|
|
Term
| what does the chloroplast do? what are its raw materials, and what does it produce? |
|
Definition
| uses solar energy to make carbohydrates. solar energy, carbon dioxide, and water; carbohydrate, oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What do mitochondria do? what materials are used & what does it produce? |
|
Definition
provides energy in the form of ATP
carbohydrate, oxygen; carbon dioxide, water, ATP |
|
|
Term
| what is the endosymbiotic hypothesis, and what evidence supports this hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| Organelles in eukaryotic organisms arose from engulfed prokaryotes (bacteria). double membrane surrounds nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts; circular DNA and prokaryotic-type ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts. |
|
|
Term
| According to the endosymbiotic hypothesis where did the mitochondria and chloroplasts come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is meant by the term "differentially permeable" in terms of the plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
| not all material can pass through; water readily passes |
|
|
Term
| what is a concentration gradient? |
|
Definition
| Difference in concentration across space; material from high to low concentration down the concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to area of low concentration; due to random movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein pore spanning the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| what molecule uses aquaporin to cross the membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define hyptotonic solution |
|
Definition
| equal concentration of solute outside and inside, causes no change to cell size |
|
|
Term
| define hypertonic solution |
|
Definition
| greater concentration of solute outside than inside, water leaves and cell shrinks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| greater concentration of solute inside than outside, causes cell to swell |
|
|
Term
| how is the response of plant and animal cells different when each is placed in a hypertonic solution? what structure accounts for these differences? |
|
Definition
| the cells will shrink. more prevalent in animal cells. the cell walls account for these differences |
|
|
Term
| define passive diffusion. what types of material are transported by each mechanism? |
|
Definition
| movement of material down a concentraion gradient without utilizing energy or a transporter. transfers small, uncharged, non-polar materials such as oxygen and carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of facilitated diffusion? what types of material are transported by this mechanism? |
|
Definition
| Movement of material down a concentration gradient without utilizing energy but requires a transmembrane protein; specific. they transfer small, non lipid soluble molecules such as monosaccharides, and amino acids |
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of active transport? what types of material are transported by this mechanism? |
|
Definition
| movement of material against the concentration gradient; utilizes energy and protein transporters; specific. they transfer small, non lipid soluble molecules, ions (glucose, sodium and potassium ions) |
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of exocytosis? what types of material are transported by this mechanism? |
|
Definition
| use of a vesicle to transport material out of cells; vesicle fuses with membrane and contents released outside cell; requires energy |
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of endocytosis? what types of material are transported by this mechanism? |
|
Definition
| use of vesicles to transport material into cells; plasma membrane engulfs material and vesicle forms in cytoplasm; requires energy. material transport varies |
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of phagocytosis? what types of material are transported by this mechanism? |
|
Definition
| use of vesicles to transport material into cells; large vesicles form and fuse with lysosome for digestion of contents. transports large particles such as dead cells, and bacteria |
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of pinocytosis? what types of material are transported by this mechanism? |
|
Definition
| use of vesicles to transport material into cells; small vesicles form; contents utilized by cell. transports water plus dissolved substances |
|
|
Term
| define receptor mediated endocytosis. what types of material are transported by this mechanism? |
|
Definition
| use of vesicles to transport material into cells; vesicle forms after molecular target binds to receptors; vesicle forms containing receptors plus target molecule; usually for substances needed by the cell; receptor and membrane recycled; specific. transports specific molecular targets such as LDL |
|
|
Term
Which transport mechanisms require energy?
Which do not? |
|
Definition
Active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis /
passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion. |
|
|
Term
| which transport mechanisms require a carrier protein? |
|
Definition
| facilitated diffusion, active transport |
|
|
Term
| which transport mechanisms are specific for the material taken up, and which are not? |
|
Definition
| specific facilitated diffusion, active transport, recepto mediated endocytosis; non specific passive diffusion, phagocytosis, pinocytosis |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of exovytosis as carried out by eukaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
| secretion of proteins for use outside the cell |
|
|
Term
| for phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis: what type of material is taken up by the cell and what happens to the material once it is inside the cell? |
|
Definition
| large particles (phagocytosis) water plus dissolved substances (pinocytosis) and specific molecular targets (receptor mediated endocytosis) |
|
|
Term
| what happens to phagocytosis once the materials are inside of the cell? |
|
Definition
| vesicles fuse with lysosome and contents are digested |
|
|
Term
| what happens in pinocytosis once the material is inside the cell? |
|
Definition
| contents utilized by cell |
|
|
Term
| what happens during receptor mediated endocytosis once the material is inside the cell? |
|
Definition
| contents are utilized by the cell, membrane and receptors are recycled |
|
|
Term
| what are the two primary stages of the cell cycle? |
|
Definition
| interphase and mitotic phase |
|
|
Term
what are the three stages of interphase?
what happens during each stage? |
|
Definition
stages: G1, S, G2
in g1 cell growth, and replication of organelles. in S DNA synthesis. and in g2 preparation for mitosis (protein synthesis and reorganization |
|
|
Term
| For differentiated cells not actively going through the cell cycle, in which stage are they arrested? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which mechanisms are responsible for maintaining the appropriate number of cells in an organism? |
|
Definition
| Proliferation and apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the stages of apoptosis |
|
Definition
| cells round up and nucleus collapses; nucleus/DNA fragments; membrane blisters; cell disintegrates |
|
|
Term
| what triggers cells to undergo apoptosis? |
|
Definition
| irreversible damage; developmental signals |
|
|
Term
| what protein family plays a key role in apaptosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during which stage of the cell cycle is DNA replicated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to a cell that has suffered DNA damage? |
|
Definition
| arrests at the G1 checkpoint |
|
|
Term
| where are the 3 primary cell cycle checkpoints, and what is the trigger for each one? |
|
Definition
| G1- DNA damage, G2 incomplete DNA replication; M- chromosomes not distributed properly |
|
|
Term
| what role does cell proliferation play in the life cycle of an organism? |
|
Definition
| Growth/development; wound healing; replacement of cells |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates a cell to proliferate under normal circumstances? |
|
Definition
| growth factors and hormones |
|
|
Term
| What is the fundamental defect responsible for cancer? |
|
Definition
| uncontrolled cell proliferation; proliferation without external signals |
|
|
Term
| do cancer cells proliferate faster than normal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encapsulated; has not invaded surrounding tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is a malignant tumor? |
|
Definition
| has invaded surrounding tissue and metastasized (cells escape and go to a distant location) |
|
|
Term
| what aspect of cancer is responsible for most cancer deaths? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some risk factors for cancer? |
|
Definition
| obesity, exposure to environmental carcinogens such as tobacco smoke, sun exposure, heredity, certain viruses |
|
|
Term
| what are some common environmental carcinogens? |
|
Definition
| tobacco smoke, smokeless tobacco, sunlight, alcohol |
|
|
Term
| what environmental factors cause cancer? |
|
Definition
| chemical carcinogens, radiation, sunlight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gene involved in driving the cell forward; molecular accelerator |
|
|
Term
| what is a tumor suppressor gene? |
|
Definition
| gene involved in stopping the cell cycle; molecular brake |
|
|
Term
| how do changes in protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes contribute to cancer? |
|
Definition
| protooncogene- gain of function; accelerator stuck in "on" position tumors suppressor gene loses function; loss of molecular brake |
|
|
Term
| hereditary cancers usually involve changes in which type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at the DNA level, what changes occur during cancer development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a mutation? what causes them? |
|
Definition
| Change in DNA sequence. caused by environment such as chemicals and radiation, they are spontaneous |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common type of viral cancer in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some ways to prevent cancer? |
|
Definition
| maintain ideal weight; healthy diet; avoid tobacco products; alcohol in moderation; limit sun exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surgery, radiation, chemotherapy |
|
|
Term
| how does cancer treatment differ if a tumor is benign of malignant? |
|
Definition
| in benign tumors surgery can cure; malignant requires chemotherapy to kill metastatic cells and/or radiation to kill invasive cells |
|
|
Term
what is the goal of chemotherapy?
what cells are most sensitive to chemotherapy? |
|
Definition
goal is to kill all malignant cells, regardless of site in body.
proliferating cells are most sensitive |
|
|
Term
| what role does radiation play in cancer treatment? how does it differ from chemotherapy? |
|
Definition
used to kill malignant cells near the primary tumor.
it differs because it has a focused and local effect. |
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|
