Term
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Definition
Most abundant of macro molecules
Important in cellular funtion
-structure
-energy and energy storage
-cell identification |
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Term
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Definition
C,H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
contain hydroxyl and carbonyl groups
dissolve easily or retain water |
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Term
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Definition
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
simple sugars or monomers
used as fuel for cellular work
shift to ring forms in solutions |
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Term
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Definition
polymerization
Glycosidic linkage
Sweet taste based on molecular shape
sugars and non sugars |
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Term
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Definition
| two monosaccharides linked by an oxygen bridge |
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Term
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Definition
long chains of glucose monomers
chains may be branched or unbranched |
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Term
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Definition
energy storage
structure
cell identity |
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Term
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Definition
storage polysaccharides
-starch:plants
-glycogen: animals
-C-H and C-C bonds are used for energy
-funnels energy into ATP synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
structural polysaccharides
-cellulose: the most abundant organic compound on earth
-chitin: glucose monomers with nitrogen
-petidoglycan: glucose monomers with nitrogen and short peptides |
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Term
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Definition
glycoproteins: identification badge for cells
allows for cell-to-cell recognition |
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Term
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Definition
NOT TRUE POLYMERS
-nonpolar hydrophillic compounds
-many contain fatty acids
-steroids and derivative: no fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
Hydrocarbon chain w/ carboxyl end
-saturated: no double bonds, solid
-unsaturated one or more double bonds, oils |
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Term
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Definition
3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule
-commonly called triglycerides
-twice the energy of complex carbs |
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Term
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Definition
Insulation/padding
Energy
Precursors to:
-hormones
-vitamin transport/ production
-structural material for cell membranes |
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Term
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Definition
long chain of fatty acid linked to an alcohol
repels water
important in water proofing |
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Term
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Definition
4 fused carbon rings with variable side and function groups
main type-cholesterol
functions:
-plasma membrane component
-precursors to hormones and vitamin D formation |
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Term
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Definition
major component of cell membrane
-glycerol backbone
-2 fatty acid tails
-hydrophilic phosphate head
Function: acts as barrier
-amphipathic molecule: 2 components equal one thing |
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Term
| Chemical Evolutions of Phospholipids |
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Definition
formed membrane around RNA
create a micro environment
-chemical reactions more efficient
-control of substance flow between environments |
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Term
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Definition
-control activity at the cell's periphery
-selectively permeable-chooses what comes in and what does not
-controls the flux of molecules and ions |
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Term
| plasma membrane structure |
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Definition
fluid mosaic model
-no homogeneous and different things make up a plasma membrane-works together |
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Term
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Definition
-amphipathetic phospholipids are main structural component
-form stable bilayer
-exhibits selective permeability: non polar molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| permeability decreases with longer fatty acid tails and saturated fatty acid tails |
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Term
| fluidity of phospholipid bilayer |
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Definition
-free lateral movement; consistency of vegetable oil
-increased by cholesterol (inhibits permeability) and unsaturated fatty acids
-affected by temperature |
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Term
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Definition
proteins improve the bilayer's function
-peripheral proteins
-integral proteins
~cell recognition
~enzymes
~ form cell junctions
~transport proteins |
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Term
| mechanisms of membrane transport |
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Definition
passive- does not require energy
-across bilayer or by transport proteins
active-requires energy and transport protein |
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Term
| Passive transport: Diffusion |
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Definition
-net movement from high concentration to low concentration
-down concentration gradient to equilibrium
-non polar molecules and small polar molecules |
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Term
| Passive transport: Osmosis |
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Definition
-passive transport of water
-water moves down it's concentration gradient
-directional flow is based on solute differences
-osmotic flow is based on tonicity |
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Term
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Definition
relative solute concentration of two fluids
-HYPOtonic-fewer solutes
-HYPERtonic-more solutes
-ISOtonic-same amount |
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Term
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Definition
Passive transport via transport proteins is selective
1. Channel Proteins
2. Gated Channels
3. Carrier Proteins |
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Term
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Definition
-Allows large, charged, or polar molecules (water, sugars, amino acids, ions)
-Aquaporin:primary avenue for H2O transport. Exterior-hydrophobic, Interior- hydrophilic
-electrochemical gradient; charge and amount |
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Term
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Definition
open with stimulus
-molecule binding
-charge change |
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Term
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Definition
| changes shape allowing passage |
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Term
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Definition
-movement of solute against an electrochemical gradient
-requires energy (ATP) and protein pumps
-transport protein/pump is activated by ATP
;binding of phosphate changes protein shape and affinity for solute |
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Term
| Bulk transport across permeable membrane |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
transport large molecule OUT OF CELL
-vesicle fuses with membrane |
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Term
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Definition
transport large molecule INTO THE CELL
-phagocytosis; cellular eating
-pinocytosis; cellular drinking
-receptor mediated endocytosis;specific intake |
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