d-1775 to 1783

1.founding revolution

2.foundation of documents that form our nation

against the "haves" and the "have-nots" for more democratic society

- Frontiersman resented British colonies

- Patriots presented ties to Britain a.k.a. merchants

-new lights resented old lights

*the Stamp Act and the bands on westward expansion also contributed to the rise of the revolution

originally they did not want independence from Britain. they gave in at the very last minute (july 1776)

-you can tell this through the Declaration of Independence's hesitant voice. And the list of many grievances that America had expressed to the King

- America wanted to get France as an ally and France would not help the colonists unless the colonists would declare independence

* each of the 13 colonies became a nation/state

-they were conservative

- They wanted to preserved English liberties threatened by King George

- Wanted the revolution on behalf of the English Constitution not against it

- Constitution as a description of "What is?"rather than a written document

King>> Too much power>> Tyranny

Lords>> Too much power>> Oligarchy Commeners>>> too much power>> Anarchy They believe the parliament had been tainted by the King and that's why the parliament had taxed them (getting more money for the debt incurred during the French and Indian war)

1741 to 1827

Typical  American and Republican He was a painterwho showed the vast progression of American society and its people through his art. created peels Museum

- greatly contributed to our knowlege of this period. because of this man's recordings and his portriats. From the new nation's great figures to his collecting of species of the 18th century

1767 through 1845

Description- he wanted transformation Offered social mobility to the rising population by increasing diverse city, allowing new technology, and became the roots of a self-made man

Significance- his election marked a transformation in American history and its symbolized the rise of the Dimmitt Democratic Party

brought about the rise of the cotton gin, manufacturers, new innovations, steamboats/engines, telegraph, and railroads

* largely happened and results of the neopolitanic wars..where for a long period there was no exportation

Speed was the key to the American character of life. America was in motion. no clinging to old ways. change was rapid spark an interest of many men

sig- the anxieties and apprehension to future change that befell the nation after the industrial revolution turned to stress and paranoia which inevitably led to the second great awakening

1800 to 1840

A brought about controlling unity amidst the rise of westward expansion and the machine. You gave ordinary people a much greater damage and determining their salvation and was very similar to the first great awakening

Significance- this led to the rise of denominations which we now use in modern-day America. These dominations were caused by the disestablishment of the Church by the Constitution

a group of organizations to bring in converts and helped them old America example ABS Sunday school etc. Protestants began to reconsider Calvinism Their theory was to get the revivalist converted and then have them give back to the community and be involved in the church

Significance- this was the founding's of an organized church. A new outlook on religion where salvation was possible through acts of servitude

1800 1865

This is a general turning from rationality and reason to emphasis on emotion. From head to heart. brought about a wave of associative thinking where things are interconnected without rationality.

Significance- this general turning led to the rise of many beautiful artists and authors who left behind mesmerizing books and beautiful records of paintings and drawings

the infamous phrase in Emerson's "nature"dating back to 1836.

Significance. Represents a transcendentalists ideal of raising above and merging with the Kosmos. It represented a shift in the people's attitudes in their view of life from a different perspective than that of the past

1840s to 1850s

it was a public fad and a belief of sole surviving after death.

Significance-most mediums were women therefore this spiritualist movement was largely connected to the issue of women's rights in America. Being a medium allowed women to work outside of the home and control their destiny in the sense which was seemingly impossible in the past

· Buffon was interested in comparing the old and new world

o Found that species that existed in both old and new world were weaker in new world

o European species when brought to new world would degenerate and become weaker

o America is a “degenerate” place

(1688): “Bloodless” Revolution and precedent for independence. Was meant to preserve out ancient laws and liberties

- an orderly legal revolution. Sig: Beginning of enlightenment political theory

Virtue is essential and is to be maintained 1770s-80s

SIG: Similar to Puritan thought and “City Upon a Hill” motioning a move back to following the right path away from declension

Hoping to preserve English moralism in America. Contemporary needs change. The idea of becoming a nation that is the only so

-called superpower in the world. Status anxiety motivated people. Ex. Otis vs. Hutchinson family. Not fought for want to take over due to wealth or what not but for conservative reasons (doesnt that depend on which interpretation of the AR you are looking at? ie. early 20th century vs late 20th century?). To conserve traditional liberties. ^(I guess we have to write about the differencing in opinion of the views the early one being the class struggles and the late being a conservative approach) okay thats what I thought- so just keep in mind both ideas I guess.

(1741-1827): as “representative man” of the American revolutionary era...typical republican or American patriot, a Jeffersonian Democrat, and painter/naturalist. Founded the first national history museum in US. shift of focus from England to America, a painter

SIG: Died 50yrs & 6mos after the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Helping in the Progressive View could American Economic Self- Sufficiency be found/seen in most of his paintings.

(1805-08) Peale’s famous painting

sig: the mastodon was part of the debate between European vs American superiority in biodiversity (Jefferson believed mastodon still roamed America)

(1767-1845; president 1829-37): a common man for common change and who instigated it as well. sig- “Symbol for an Age” first Western president, came of and represented the common folk. opened up the White House (ex: inaugural ball)

SIG: Made a transformation in American society. A sense of continual expansion, A shift away from the organic society as a growing sense of SPEED arose

Speed- the key to American success. Life in America consists of motion

– spiritual or moral quality to the increase of technology. Machinery had freed moral ideas – inherent energy.

- belief in extreme social mobility, the cult of the self-made man, one of the most important factors in America.

-rapid urbanization, westward expansion, industrial and technological innovations, extreme mobilization

-rising power on the world stage, young, optimistic.

(1837) A French politcal thinker who wrote Democracy in America · “The Most Important interpretation of American Democracy in this period” · Men are in constant motion, can’t attain as much as they want Possible

SIG: myth of social mobility despite other popular rags to riches stories that led to sense of some people feeling left out. Those left out began to use marginalized populations as scapegoats. ?

Theologically radical, socially conservative (opposite of first GA). Began on the KY frontier @ Cain Ridge with the fear of Western Expansion 1800-1840 Free-will enacted/introduced, no predestination

SIG: Turned America into a nation distilled in diversity. More conservative than the FGA and gave people a better choice for their salvation. The impetus for and of the explosive movement of Manifest Destiny.

6 to 8 parishes as a camp meeting each week, Cain Ridge, KY 1800

SIG: The beginning of the Second Great Awakening with the Methodists movement commenced by George Whitefield. A sense of revivalism emerges.

Revivalist from upstate NY who wandered and preached that God gave us free will. Used “new measures” to work people’s emotions: all night prayer meetings, pray for sinners by name, women could preach.

Lyman Beecher and Nathanial Taylor tried to convince him to stop these “new measures.” Most famous sermon was “Make ye a new heart, a new spirit.” Strove for perfection of society. Believed in universal salvation and saving yourself.

Piety, Purity, Submission, and Domesticity 1800s-1840s

SIG: Made the representation of woman as the Hostage of the House. Made a movement for women and the industrial movement.

Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, as example (date?) · First co-educational school in the US

– regarded as a hotbed of radicalism · NOT a paradise of radicalism, Reasons:

o Men allowed to learn what women were like

– rid them of fantasies

o Young Ministers are going to need wives

– Educating up wives; Ministers need a wife more than other men do”

SIG: Most radical educational institution in American, but cult of domesticity was alive there just as well as everywhere else

1836 Infamous phrase from Ralph Waldo Emerson’s essay “Nature.” (1836)

Sig: transcendentalist idea that one can rise above the everyday existence and merge with the cosmos/nature. Goes past a basic understanding of nature and the world to an intuitive understanding.

SIG: Represents how people weren’t separate from nature and to be one. Intention between the individual and the universe as a whole and a reduction of tension between those. Everything passes through an individual.

a reaction to the Enlightenment, similar to the FGA as a reaction to the Enlightenment. A period of rational thinkning. Sig: There was a shift in American values (and heroes) from the Enlightnment to Romanticism.

SIG: A want of distance from the “old view” that has now gone “stale”. Notates the need for emotion, mentality, and 1st hand experience. A look toward the West for new experience.

(1848) Margret, Catherine, and Leah from Hydesville, NY communicated with spirits through “rapping” noises and traveled as mediums.

Sig: contributed to the growth of Spiritualism movement.

(1847):o Christian Nurture (1847) Opposed the evangelical approach to winning souls

– he said the place to win Christians was in the home

– conversion should happen in the home so smoothly that people don’t even know it is happening

:o , A Plea for the West (1835) Successful protestant preacher

– plea is that young unmarried protestant women would go west and be school teachers so that the young didn’t fall under the Jesuits running around and be Catholicized

Book written by Herman Melville and can be considered America’s first best-seller 1846

SIG: Introduced the controversial topic of the contaminating contact between white man and the noble savage as a reality.