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| agreement between measured and true or accepted values |
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| reproducibility between replicate measurements |
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| Error that can be avoided or corrected |
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| Truly random error; inherent uncertainty in measurements. |
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| for required for acceleration |
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| 1 mole in 1 liter solution |
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| specific gravity, grams/mL |
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| contains 1 formula weight in 1 liter solution |
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| amount needed to react with 1 mole of reactant |
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| # of digits required to express a result consistent with given or measured precision |
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sy/y=z(sa/a)
mult ratio by exponent, mult by answer |
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sy/y=sa/.434
divide by .434 the mult by answer |
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| confidence interval of the mean |
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Definition
a range with a certainty of containing the true value
u=x+-tSx=x+-ts/sqrt(n) |
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Term
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Definition
comp 2 data sets
Fcalc=s2^2/s1^2
Fcalc>1 big always on top |
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Definition
| |x1-x2|/sqrt(Sx1+Sx2)=tcalc |
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Definition
toss out data
|x-xnear|/|xhi-xlo|=Q |
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relative to mean for specific point
|xi-x|/x |
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relative average deviation
%
ppt |
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same as rel std dev in %
s/x*100 |
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error referenced to true value
summ xi-xtrue/n |
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avg error rel to true val
avg err/xtrue*100 |
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Definition
| effects for concentration pressure and temperature change in equillibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| total charge of soln must be neutral. include H and OH |
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| For particular type of species, the sum of the added amounts must be equal to the sum of all the possible forms in solution |
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| solubility begins to increase after a certain concentration due to formation of complexes. |
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A=y[C]
concentrations are really the Activity |
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| decrease effective charge (effect on A) |
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Ion strength effects
# ions increase |
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DHLL/1+(a*sqrt(u)/305)
a is effective hydrated ion radius
a=900 for H |
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Definition
tyndall efect - light scattering
small particles<100nm |
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inch diameters
desirable for analysis |
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Nucleation followed by particle growth
in a super saturated solution |
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| additional molecules deposit on growth nucleus |
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| sol'n contains more solute than would be present at EQ =>precipitate |
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Definition
depends on SS
rate-k(Q-S)^x
k and x constants |
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Term
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Definition
depends on ss and nucleus surface area
rate=k'A(Q-S) |
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Definition
part
rate| / )
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---------
RSS |
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Definition
| when a normally soluble substance precipitates out due to adsorption or occlusion |
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| contamination by other insolubles |
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