Term
| Who purposefully waged war on civilians? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cotton: Main source of income for who, where, and until what year? |
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Definition
| Wealthy people in the South until 1839. |
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Term
| Cotton production was attempted to be stopped by who and in what year? |
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Definition
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Term
| What motivated republicans to reconstruct the Civil War? In what year? |
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Definition
| Confederates existed on nothing but parched corn in Andersonville in 1864. |
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Term
| How many people died in the Civil War? |
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Definition
| About 360 million, but that's just an estimate. About 6x more deaths than WWII. |
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Term
| What was the Dred Scott Decision? What was the outcome? What did it result in? |
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Definition
An issue between 2 states that was taken to Supreme Court by Scott. > Dred Scott v. Sandford. Chief Justice Taney's decision was that, "residents in free states did not make him a free man" and "African Americans are beings of inferior nature and have no rights that any white man will respect."
The outcome was that Southerners were made free to take slaves to wherever they pleased and Northerners could not prohibit them from doing such. Also, African Americans were not protected by the constitution and could never be US citizens, nor could they sue in court.
The ruling was intended to put the slavery debate to rest, however it instead inflamed the debate between the Union and Confederate states. |
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Term
| What did Lincoln's reconstruction plan consist of? Who did he want to appeal to? |
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Definition
*States could be reintegrated into the Union after 10% of the state took oath to the US Constitution.
*Radicals thought Lincoln's plan was too lenient.
*Radicals were disturbed that Lincoln did not consult Congress before readmitting this plan.
*Lincoln would grant pardons and consider compensation to slave holders' loss of property.
*His plan does not require blacks to have political rights.
Lincoln wanted to appeal to Whigs with a peace agreement and convert white southerners to republicans. His major focus was a restoration of national unity. He wanted greater assurance of white loyalty and greater guarantees of black rights. At his last presidential address in April of 1865, Lincoln publicly expressed for the first time that he endorsed suffrage of Southern blacks, "at least the very intelligent and those who serve our cause as soldiers." He was killed four days later. |
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Term
| What sparked the constructing of the Wade-Davis Bill? |
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Definition
| Radical republicans in Congress who resented Lincoln's lenient plan. |
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Term
| What did the Wade-Davis Bill look like? What year was it proposed? Was it passed? |
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Definition
It was proposed in 1864 and pocket-vetoed by President Lincoln who was warned not to interfere with the bill and assassinated the very following year.
For states to be readmitted to the Union, the Wade-Davis Bill required 50% of the state to take oath to the US Constitution, compared to Lincoln's 10%.
*To qualify as a voter, men had to take a second oath > Swearing that they never aided or supported the confederacy.
*It called to completely abolish slavery.
*It called to dismount the federal war debt. |
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Term
| What are 12 facts about Andrew Johnson and one of his quotes? |
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Definition
*Self educated.
*Wife taught him how to write.
*Comes from illiterate family.
*He did not want to free slaves and, in fact, owned slaves himself until 1862 when Tennessee rebels that were angry at his Unionism confiscated them.
*Said African Americans were, "inferior to white man in point of intellect- better calculated in physical structure to undergo drudgery and hardship."
*Only southerner to stay in Union.
*First of only two presidents (other was Bill Clinton) to be tried for impeachment.
*Was a Senator and then the Governor of Tennessee.
*Changed his position on slavery solely for revenge on the planter class because he thought they were the ones responsible for the war.
*His plan was chosen because he supported maintaining the Union even though he'd been a slave owner.
*His political views don't match any majority group.
*He was ill-equipped and ill-prepared for presidency.
*He was completely unaware of his weaknesses. |
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Term
| When was Johnson's plan initiated? What were the ramifications? |
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Definition
| Initiated during the summer when Congress was not in session. It was said to have added 'insult to injury.' |
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Term
| What were the ramifications of the Civil War? |
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Definition
| Whites had land, but no labor to work it and blacks had labor to give but no land to work on. |
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Term
| What are 4 facts of Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plan and the outcome of such for Sherman's Bureau? |
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Definition
*(Just like Lincoln) Johnson stressed reconciliation between the Union and the defeated Confederacy and rapid restoration of Civil government in the South.
*(Just like Lincoln) Johnson promised to pardon most, but not all, es-rebels.
*Johnson recognized the state governments created by Lincoln, but set his own requirements for restoring the other rebel states to the Union.
*Johnson's eagerness to restore relations with Southern states and his lack of empathy for blacks led him to taking the abandoned and pardoned land of the ex-confederates, even if it was in the hands of freedmen.
*For General Sherman and the Freedman's Bureau, this canceled the promising beginnings to settle blacks on land of their own.
*One black man stated, "Things was hurt by Mr. Lincoln getting killed." |
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Term
| When was the 13th amendment ratified? What does it do? |
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Definition
| 1865. The 13th amendment abolishes slavery. |
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Term
| What two years were the Freedmen's Bureau Acts? What do they do? |
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Definition
| 1865 & 1866. Established to distribute food and clothing to destitute Southerners and help freedmen with labor contracts and schooling. |
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Term
| What was the Civil Rights Act of 1866? |
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Definition
| Passed to nullify "black codes". Affirms the right of blacks to enjoy "full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property as is enjoyed by white citizens." and effectively requires the end of legal discrimination in state laws. |
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Term
| When was the 14th amendment ratified and what does it do? |
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Definition
| 1868. Makes native-born black citizens and guarantees all citizens "equal protection of the laws." Threatens to reduce representatives of a state that denies suffrage to any of its male inhabitants. |
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Term
| What year were the Military Reconstruction Acts and what do they do? |
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Definition
| 1867. Imposes military rule in the South, establish rules for readmission of ex-Confederate states to the Union, and require those states to guarantee the vote to black men. |
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Term
| When was the 15th amendment ratified and what does it do? |
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Definition
| 1870. Prohibits racial discrimination in voting rights in all states of the nation. |
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Term
| What was the Civil Rights Act of 1875? |
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Definition
| Outlaws racial discrimination in transportation, public accommodations, and juries. |
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Term
| Why did Congress object to Lincoln's wartime plan for reconstruction? |
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Definition
| Congress feared the president's program would restore the Southern planter class to power. It wanted greater assurances of white loyalty and far greater guarantees of black rights. |
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Term
| What led to the Black Codes enactment? What year were they enacted? What were the Black Codes? What did they do? |
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Definition
Mississippi refused the 13th amendment and president Johnson did nothing about it, which rekindled Southern resistance and states across the South enacted them in 1865.
*Enacted under Johnson's reconstruction plan.
*Sought to keep ex-slaves subordinate to whites by subjecting them to discrimination.
*Made it illegal for blacks to own a gun, which made it impossible for them to self-sustain.
*Blacks could not be apart of a jury.
*Mississippi made it a criminal offense for blacks to use gestures and language.
*Not one Southern state allowed black man to vote.
*Subjected blacks to annual taxes if they worked outside a plantation.
*Black children were ordered into white "guardians" if parents were convicted of not taking care of their children. Happened too frequently.
*Johnson did nothing about these Black Codes! |
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Term
| Who funded the American Equal Rights Association? |
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Definition
| Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cody Stanton |
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Term
| When was the Ku Klux Klan act? What did it do? |
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Definition
| Made it a federal offense to conspire to deprive blacks of equal protection of the law. |
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Term
| What and when were the Enforcement Acts? |
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Definition
| 1870 & 1871. They protected voting rights for blacks in the south by providing the protection of the federal government. |
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Term
| What and when were the Slaughterhouse Cases? |
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Definition
| State made a distinction between state and nation citizenship, which guts previous laws and curtails the government's authority to protect black citizens. |
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Term
| What and when was Plessy V. Ferguson? |
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Definition
| 1869. Gave constitutional sanction to "separate but equal" accommodations. It was a flawed decision and did not mandate separate *but equal*. |
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Term
| How many NA were killed in the Indian Wars? |
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Definition
| Population went from 15 million to 250,000. |
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Term
| What NA tribes were pushed away by who and in what year? What happened to NA families? |
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Definition
| Cherokee, Choktaw, Creek, and Seminole by President Andrew Johnson in 1830. The NA families were forced to walk hundreds of miles on the "Trial which we cried" to land set aside for NA in Oklahoma. Barren land was not good for farming and hunger became a problem. |
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Term
| What is manifest destiny? |
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Definition
| The belief that the gov't had a god-given right to aggressively spread the values of white civilization and expand the culture from ocean to ocean. |
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Term
| What year did US colonize and win independence from Mexico? |
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Definition
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Term
| What impact did Euro settlers have on Indian culture? |
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Definition
White men began invading the US and brought new diseases (small pox and measles) and also alcohol. NA are more susceptible to alcoholism and it had a negatived impact on their culture.
-Euros had intoxicated NA sign treaties.
-Euros also brought domesticated animals which clashed with NA land. The animals destroyed NA crops.
-Euros brought seeds, such as rye, and to plant the rye they cut down NA trees which destroyed the forests that were home to NA food.
-50 million NA died after contact with settlers; 90% of their pop. |
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Term
| What was the Treaty of Fort Laramie? What year was it? |
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Definition
-1851.
-10,000 Plains Indians came together at Fort Laramie in Wyoming.
-Gov't wanted to negotiate treaty to make large path for wagon passage.
-In return, gov't promised rest of their land would remind inviolate.
-Promise was broken! |
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Term
| What and what year was the Santee Uprising? |
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Definition
-1862.
-Largest mass execution in American History.
-Under leadership of Chief Little Crow, the indians were starving.
-Indian warriors were reluctantly led against settlers. Killed more than 1,000!
-American troops quelled the Great Sioux Uprising and led 1,700 Sioux to Fort Snelling.
-400 Indians put on trial for murder and 38 died. |
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Term
| What was the Ghost Dance Religion about? What was its significance? |
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Definition
-A Lakota religion that promised dead would rise again. Promised people they would reunite with their lost loved ones.
-Promised everyone there would be no more sickness and that followers would be young again.
-To dance, people had to paint their faces and their clothes and dance for 5 days straight.
-Developed a strong following because it offered hope for the NA by promising to end their humiliating captivity on reservations so they could return to their normal way of life.
-Significance is its associated with the Wounded Knee Massacre.
-Religion eventually dies because of the aforementioned massacre. |
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Term
| What and what date was the Wounded Knee Massacre? |
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Definition
-12/29/1890.
-US gov't agents on reservations saw Lakota Ghost Dancing as militant and perceived them as dangerous people.
> Attempted to stop them from dancing.
> Big Foot brought this people to Agency to show troops they were not hostile. Sitting Bull and his band stayed on the reservation.
> Considered hostile by Agency and put into depressed area with 320 NA and 500 US soldiers surrounded by artillery.
-Next morning, on 12/29/1890, US troops attempted to disarm NA, believing they had weapons under their blankets. One Indian raises rifle above head and begins dancing.
-US troops fire and kill over 300 NA and 40 soldiers.
-Indians are buried in mass grave, which still has a marker and is known as the "Lakota Reservation".
-Ghost Dance Religion dies. |
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Term
| What was significant about the Battle of Little Big Horn? |
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Definition
| NA tribes united, which was rare and they won, which was also rare. |
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Term
| What do NA believe happens when they talk about the dead? |
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Definition
| They believe it impedes their journey into the afterlife. |
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Term
| In the Industrial Revolution, why were innovations nearly useless in the US? |
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Definition
| Because in the US, distance was an obstacle in transporting goods. In Europe they built RR upon existing lines and in the US they broke new ground. |
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Term
| What was the 1st communication system? What year was it put into service? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who invented the telephone? |
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Definition
| Alexander Bell and Thomas Watson were teaching deaf people how to communicate using sound over wire. |
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Term
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Definition
A business leader that operated out of sheer ruthlessness, exploiting their workers, to accumulate vast personal fortunes. Their rationale for ruthlessness was called "social darwinism".
-Social Darwinism is a theory in which the strong survive and the weak do not and society is better off for it. It is a theory that industrialized countries use to ration exploiting their workers. |
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Term
| What is the Hay Market Square Affair? What was its date? Its significance? |
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Definition
-5/1/1896.
-A McCormic Harvester work plant in Chicago cut workers' wages by 10% as its profits shot up 25%.
-A strike by the workers at the plant.
-Local police show up and back McCormic and escort strikers across picket lines and arrest them.
-The union calls for a meeting at Hay Market Square that evening and more police show up than workers do.
-As speakers are speaking, a gun goes off in the crowd and police open fire, killing many people.
-7 socialists and anarchists are arrested, tried, and wrongfully convicted.
-The violence associated with this incidence makes middle class people fearful of organized labor. |
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Term
| What is the Homestead act? When was it? |
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Definition
-1862
-It was land that was recently cleared of NA and lawfully given to taxpaying farmers. The land typically was 160 acres and was used for subsistence farming. |
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Term
| What was the first male ordered catalogue and what year was it? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the peoples party? Was it successful? |
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Definition
The Peoples Party want gov't to pay farmers the difference between what it costs them to produce and what they profit so they can recover.
-They wanted to sell silver to the gov't so they could ease debt. |
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Term
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Definition
Populism wanted to establish a new social order where gov't would take responsibility for the welfare of its citizens.
-Populism wanted to reject Social Darwinism. This political party presented the most serious challenge to rule of industrial elites in the late 19th century.
-Strongest in the South and West with farmers and miners.
-Never successful despite its appealing attempts, however their ideology set the political agenda for the progressive era. |
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Term
| What is Metaphorical Slavery defined as? |
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Definition
| It was when women realized they did not have as many rights as their male counterparts. |
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