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Definition
#1. Science deals only with the natural world.
#2. Scientists collect and organize data in an orderly way, looking for patterns and connections between events.
#3. Scientists propose explanations that can be tested by examining evidence.
(Science is about formulating hypothesisand finding evidence to support or conflict with those hypothesis) |
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Term
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Definition
#1. Ask a question
#2. Hypothesis (a
proposed
scientific explanation
to a set of observations)
#3. Experiments
#4. Collect data
#5. Analize data
#6. Theory (well supported hypothesis) |
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Definition
DATA:
Quantitive
Qualitative
VARIABLES:
Controlled
Manipulated |
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Term
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Definition
Back in the Middle Ages, scientists believed that living organisms could come from non-living organisms. So mice could come from dirty laundry and maggots could come from decaying meat.
The all-cells-from-cells hypothesis, in contrast, maintained that cells do not spring to life spontaneously but are produced only preexisting cells grow and divide. |
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| Redi did an experiment to prove that spontaneous generation did not exist. he put three flasks exposed to flies and two of them were covered. Only the non-covered only contained maggots at the end of the experiment which proved his hypothesis: flies only come from flies and so on. |
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| van Leewenhoek did an experiment to prove spontaneous generation. He analyzed different material like pond water and saw small living organisms (bacteria) which he called animalcules. for him, the only possible explanation was spontaneous generation. |
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| Needham did an experiment to prove spontaneous generation. He boiled broth in two flasks to kill any living organisms and set them to rest in a constant temperature. The formation of a cloud-like substance on the surface of the flask, was proof that there was some sort of spontaneous generation. |
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| Spallanzani blamed air for the results of Needham`s test. He did the exact same experiment but sealed one bottle of broth. The sealed one did not produce the cloud-like substance. Some blamed him for removing oxygen from the flask making life impossible and invalidating the experiment. |
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| After many experiments, Pasteur did the definite one. He boiled medium and put the substance in two flasks. One had a straigh neck that would allow contact with air and "animalcules" and the other had an S-shaped neck that did not allow any of that. If spontaneous generation did exist, the S-shaped flask would still contain living organisms at the end of the experiment. It did not. |
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Term
WHY IS REDI`S EXPERIMENT CONSIDERED A CONTROLED EXPERIMENT? |
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Definition
Because it had more than one variable: the controlled variable and the manipulated variable.
!!! - Well designed experiments alter just one condition because any difference is know to be caused by that single variable. |
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Term
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Definition
All organisms share a set of fundamental characteristics:
1. Made of cells
2. Reproduce
3. Genetic code
4. Grow and develop
5. Obtain and use energy
6. Respond to the environment
7. Maintain a stable internal condition
8. Change overtime |
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CELLS, REPRODUCTION AND GENETIC CODE |
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Definition
- Cells are the smallest things that contain life. Organisms can be multicellular (eukaryotic) or unicellular (prokaryotic).
- Reproduction can be sexual (both parents gametes) or assexual (one single parent)
-Human body contains 46 chromosomes
-DNA, RNA, prime-RNA |
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Definition
-Unicellular organisms only grow in size, while multicellular organisms develop when a single fertilized egg divides again and again to produce mature organisms. this is called diferentiation for all cells have specific tasks.
- Use energy to grow, develop and reproduce
-The combination of chemical reactions through which an organism breaks down or builds up materials is called metabolism |
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ENVIRONMENT AND INTERNAL BALANCE |
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Definition
-Organisms detect and respond to stimuli (a signil to which an organism responds)
-Stimuli can be external or internal
- Homeostasis is how a body works to keep internal balance |
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Definition
#1. Made of thousands of smaller molecules
#2. Made by a process called polymerization in which large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together.
#3. Smaller unit: momer
Bigger unit: polymer
- In general, the carbon atoms in an organic compound furnish a skeleton but the types of reactions it participates in is determined by groups of H, N or O atoms that ar ebonded to the carbon atom in specific ways. |
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MACROMOLECULES
CARBOHYDRATES (1.1) |
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Definition
Two types of sugar molecules:
#1. Monossacharides - single molecule of sugar
#2. Polyssacharides - are the polymers of monossacharides. In plants these are stored in the form of starch and in humans in the form of glycogen. |
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MACROMOLECULES
LIPIDS (1.2) |
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Definition
Large and varied group of biological molecules that are generally waterproof. These consist of: fats, oils and waxes.
-are used to store energy
-are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called fattyacids.
-if each carbon in a lipid's fattyacid chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond, the lipid is saturated. |
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MACROMOLECULES
NUCLEIC ACIDS (1.3) |
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Definition
Nucleic Acids are polymers of nucleotides.
↓
- 5-carbon sugar (pentose)
- Phosphate group
-Nitrogen group
Store and transmit heredetery info. RNA (contain sugar ribose)
DNA (contain sugar deoxyribose) |
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MACROMOLECULES
PROTEINS (1.4) |
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Definition
Are polymers of amino acids. Amino acids are small molecules with a carbon atom, bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group a hydrogen atom and an R-group. The R-group changes for each amino acid and that is what distinguishes each one.
- a protrein is a macromolecule that consists of linked amino acid monomers |
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MACROMOLECULES
PROTEINS (1.1.4) |
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Definition
Some R-groups are acidic and some are basic. The instructions to arrange amino acids into many different proteins is stored in DNA. Each protein has a specific role.
Each protein has 4 levels of organization:
#1. unique sequence of amino acids
#2. the amino acid within can be twisted or folded (hydrogen bonds)
#3. overall shape
#4. The combination of polypetide subunits |
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Term
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Definition
- Molecules containig a number of hydroxyl groups will form hydrogen bonds and be highly soluble in water
- Amino acids link to one another to form proteins like nucleotides link to one another to form nucleic acids and simple sugar link to form complex carbohydrates. |
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