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Test 1
Seeds, Roots, Plant Biology
105
Environmental Studies
Undergraduate 2
09/12/2011

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Term
Angiosperms
Definition
Flowering plants (seeds enclosed in a fruit). Most abundant/diverse group of plants-- 250,000 plants)
Term
Gymnosperms
Definition
Lack flowers but produce seeds (naked seeds). Ex: conifers, ginkgoes
Term
Monocotyledons
Definition
Contain one cotyledon. Contain/transport nutrients beneath ground, absording from endosperm (starchy food supply)
Term
Dicotyledons
Definition
Emerge above ground and function initially as leaves, photosynthesizing and  eventually withering away
Term
Biennial
Definition
Requires all or part of 2 years to complete its life cycle
Term
Herbaceous
Definition
Has leaves and stems that die at the end of the growing season to the soil leve. Below soil the rest survive
Term
Woody
Definition
Stems above ground remain alive during winter and grow shoots the next years from the above ground parts
Term
Grass
Definition
Common word describing a monocot green plant in the family Graminae. Can also describe several other plants
Term
Forb
Definition
Flowering plant with a non-woody stem. Isn't a shrub or tree either. Most plants are these
Term
Tree
Definition
Large perennial woody plant, larger than a shrub
Term
Shrub
Definition
Multiple stems at ground level. Usually less than 5-6 meters. Large number of plants can be either these or trees. Particularly true in areas of low rainfall or due to soil conditions
Term
Vine
Definition
Any plant of genus Vitus or any similar climbing or trailing plant. Modified stems, originally from Latin referring to grapes
Term
Plasma or cell membrane
Definition
Protective, flexible layers that surrounds the cytoplasm
Term
Cell wall
Definition
All plants have these, there are primary and secondary that develop for support, protection or water transport
Term
Cell wall
Definition
All plants have these, there are primary and secondary that develop for support, protection or water transport
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Genetic material is located here
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
Where the process of photosynthesis primarily takes place
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
Breakdown of carbs and sugar molecules to produce chemical energy in the form of ATP in the process of respiration takes place here
Term
Dermal tissue
Definition
Plant's protective outer coating in contact with the outer environment
Term
Vascular tissue
Definition
consists of phloem and xylem
Term
Xylem
Definition
Transports water from root up to plant
Term
Phloem
Definition
Concerned with transport of starch for the process of photosynthesis
Term
Ground tissue
Definition
Diversity of functions, production and storage of food, packing and support
Term
Terminal bud
Definition
Where the continued vertical growth will occur
Term
Auxiliary bud
Definition
Where flowers or branches grow
Term
Roots
Definition
Three universal functions: anchorage, absorption and translocation of water with dissolved mineral nutrients
Term
Tap root systems
Definition
Form from one primary root which then form lateral systems
Term
Fibrous root systems
Definition
Most have a single radicle and then other embryonic roots form, creating seminole roots
Term
Meristem
Definition
At tip of root, manufactures new cells, area of cell division
Term
Zone of elongation
Definition
Cells increase in size, behind meristem
Term
Zone of maturation
Definition
Beneath stem, cells become specific tissues
Term
Root's epidermis
Definition
Outermost layer, responsible for absorption
Term
Root cap
Definition
Most outermost tip. Cells are sloughed off as root grows through soil, protects meristem
Term
Monocot roots
Definition
Vascular bundles arranged in a ring. Dicot roots have their xylem in the center of their root and phloem outside the xylem
Term
Sweet potatoes
Definition
Most plants have roots that store some food, but some roots are enlarged and store large quantities
Term
Adventitious roots
Definition
Originate on leaves and stems. Ex: young corn plants, prop roots develop on the stem, just above the ground
Term
Distinctions in vascular tissues
Definition
Monocots have vascular tissues in bundles throughout the stem, dicot vascular bundles are arranged in rings
Term
Stem
Definition
Divided into nodes and internodes. Nodes hold buds which grow into leaves, flowers, cones, etc.
Term
Shoot system
Definition
Stems and leaves. Stems contain vascular system
Term
Stolons/runners
Definition
Aboveground horizontal stems. At each node on the stolon, a root and a bud will sprout to make a new plant
Term
Rhizomes
Definition
Underground stems. Modified stems, have internodes and nodes. Buds underneath soil extend to surface and form new plants
Term
Tubers
Definition
Enlarged terminal portions of underground rhizomes
Term
Corm
Definition
Short, thickened underground stem with thin, papery leaves. Central part accumulates stored food. Ex: banana
Term
Bulb
Definition
Food stored in specialized fleshy leaves. Stem portion is small, has at least one terminal bud. Ex: onion
Term
Leaves
Definition
Primary photosynthetic organs. Most contain a stalk (petiole) and a blade
Term
Simple leaves
Definition
Leaves with a single blade. Leaf margins may be entire (smooth), toothed or lobed, oval, etc.
Term
Compound leaves
Definition
Blade forms seven separate units/leaflets
Term
Palmately compound
Definition
Diverge from a single point
Term
Pinnately compound
Definition
Leaflets arranged along an axis
Term
Photosynthesis
Definition
The process by which plants use light energy to make food molecules from carbon dioxide and water
Term
Calvin Cycle (C3)/dark reactions
Definition
It is here that carbon dioxide reactions with/is catalyzed with another enzyme, resulting in a 3 carbon compound
Term
Respiration
Definition
Utilization of simple sugars for the production of energy that can be stored to do work. Occurs in mitochondria, results in release of carbon dioxide
Term
Net photosynthesis
Definition
Photosynthesis minus respiration
Term
Diffusion
Definition
The tendency for particles to spread out spontaneously from where they are CONCENTRATED to where they are LESS CONCENTRATED
Term
Transpiration
Definition
The loss of water from the inside of the leaf to the atmosphere through the stomata. Rate is affected due to the number of stomata that are open and how dry the air is (the diffusion gradient)
Term
Relative humidity/saturation vapor pressure
Definition
Equilibrium is reached when the number of water molecules leaving the water surface equals the number of molecules returning to the water surface (condensation). The pressure (water condensation of air) is the saturation of vapor pressure
Term
Relative humidity
Definition
Actual vapor pressure divided by saturation vapor pressure all multiplied by 100
Term
Dew point
Definition
When actual vapor pressure and saturation vapor pressure are the same
Term
Water-use efficiency
Definition
Difference in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the leaf and the outside air. Rate of carbon dioxide uptake divided by the rate of water loss
Term
Environmental constraints on photosynthesis
Definition
Light (light saturation point, light compensation point-- the point at which light supportant enough photosynthesis to just offset respiration)
Term
C4 photosynthesis cycle
Definition
Much more efficient photosynthesis (more efficient in converting carbon dioxide into simple sugars).
Term
Water-use efficiency
Definition
How much carbon dioxide do you turn into simple sugars per unit of water lost?
Term
Crassulacean acid metabolism
Definition
Their photosynthesis process happens in night and day. Take in CO2 at night through stomata and during day, they close stomata and convert CO2. They minimize water loss because relative humidity/temperatures are lower at night.
Term
Flower
Definition
Reproductive organ consisting of 4 organs: sepal, petal, stamen, pistil (one or more carpel)
Term
Penducle
Definition
End of a flower stalk. Enlarges to form a receptacle that bears some or all of the flower parts
Term
Carpels
Definition
Can make up a pistil by combining or individual
Term
Simple pistil
Definition
Consists of a single carpel
Term
Compound pistil
Definition
Has two united carpels
Term
Inflorescence
Definition
Peduncle terminates in a cluster of flowers
Term
Incomplete flower
Definition
If a flower is missing any of the four parts
Term
Perfect
Definition
Flower contains both functional stamens and pistils (involved in seed production)
Term
Pistillate flowers
Definition
Possess functional pistil/pistils but no stamens
Term
Staminate flowers
Definition
Contain stamens but no pistils
Term
Monoecious
Definition
Separate male and female flowers on the same plants
Term
Dioecious
Definition
Species have separate male and female plants
Term
Cross-pollination
Definition
Pollination between different plants of the same species
Term
Pericarp
Definition
Fruit wall developing from ovary (exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp)
Term
Accessory
Definition
Tissues other than ovary wall in the fruit
Term
Simple fruit
Definition
Majority of fruit. Develop from a single carpel/several fused carpel. Fleshy or dry-- berry or drupes
Term
Berry
Definition
Fleshy fruit with soft tissues and few-many seeds. Ex: tomato, grape, blueberry
Term
Pepo
Definition
Modified berry, fruit wall is a leathery rind. Ex: pumpkin, squash
Term
Hesperidium
Definition
Modified berry, leathery fruit wall with numerous oil glands surrounding cavities where seeds are stored. Ex: citrus fruits
Term
Drupe
Definition
Simple, fleshy fibrous fruit that contains a hard stone surrounding a single seed. Ex: peaches, cherries, avocado
Term
Dehiscent
Definition
Simple fruit that splits open along structure to release seeds
Term
Follicle
Definition
Simple fruit that splits along one suture to release seeds. Ex: milkweed
Term
Legume
Definition
Splits along 2 sutures to release seeds (top and bottom). Ex: peas
Term
Capsule
Definition
Simple, dry fruit that splits along multiple sutures or pores. Ex: poppy
Term
Indehiscent
Definition
Don't split open at maturity. Caryopses and grains are examples. Each contain a single seed. Ex: corn kernels and wheat
Term
Nuts
Definition
Simple, dry fruits that have a store wall (endocarp) and don't split open at maturity. Peanuts are seeds, not nuts.
Term
Achene
Definition
Simple and dry, don't split open at maturity, contains a single seed. Seed coat isn't fused to seed wall. Achene can be separated from seed wall
Term
Aggregate fruit
Definition
Formed from a single flower that contains several separate free carpels. Post-fertilization, each carpel enlarges and may fuse to form a single fruit. Ex: raspberries
Term
Multiple fruit
Definition
Forms from the carpels of many flowers that grow close to one another on a common flower stalk (inflorescence). Carpels from each flower fuse with nearby carpels as they develop and enlarge. Flowers fusing v. carpels fusing
Term
Accessory fruit
Definition
Differ in that other plant tissues in addition to the ovary tissue make up the plant. Each tiny "seed" on a strawberry is actually a fruit--an achene--containing a tiny seed
Term
Adaptations
Definition
Products of genetics and environment
Term
Homozygous
Definition
If the two alleles at any given locus are the same (from the mother and the father)
Term
Chromosome
Definition
Genes are arranged in linear order. Genes are a stretch of DNA coding
Term
Phentotype
Definition
Outward appearance of an organism for a given characteristic (externally observable)
Term
Phenotype plasticity
Definition
The ability for different phenotypic expressions of the same genotype under different environment conditions. Ex: hydrangea flowers of blue-purple to pink in different soil conditions
Term
Norm of reaction
Definition
Set of phenotypes expressed by a genotype in different environments
Term
Complete dominance
Definition
The heterozygous individual expresses the same phenotype as one of the homozygotes
Term
Incomplete dominance
Definition
Heterozygous individual is intermediate between the homozygous types
Term
Gene pool
Definition
Sum of all the genetic information across all the individuals in the population
Term
Allele frequency
Definition
Proportion of an allele at a locus in the population
Term
Genotype frequency
Definition
Genotypes (proportion) at a locus. Genetic makeup of a population won't change over time, but the genotypes and phenotypes will
Term
Polyploid
Definition
Cells and organisms that contain more than 2 paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes. Most are diploid (two chromosome sets) but some have 3 plus) which can result in larger fruit
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