Term
| Organization of living things |
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Definition
| Atoms are the smallest chemical units that are then worked into molecules, or groups of atoms. The molecules form a group that work together called an organelle. These organelles are grouped to work together to create cells which are again groups to form tissues. Tissues are groups of cells working together and these tissues working together form an organ or groups of different tissues working together. There are 11 organs systems in our bodies, or groups of organs working together. All of these things together create and organism or an individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intrinsic or auto-regulation is an automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to a change that occurs to the body such as body temp, pH, and fluid balance. |
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Definition
| Extrinsic regulation is response controlled by nervous and endocrine systems. |
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Definition
| Negative feedback is a response of the effector that negates the stimulus such as the air conditioning working to cool off a room that was suddenly hot. The hot stimulus is negated by the cold response |
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Definition
| Positive feedback is a response of the effector that reinforces that stimulus such as when you cut your finger. The chemicals released in the original clotting help stimulate more clotting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atoms are the basis of all elements and are the smallest complete units of elements. Atoms vary in size, weight, and the ways they interact with each other. Atomic weight of these atoms refers to the amount of substance and atomic mass of an atom refers to the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons. |
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Definition
| Found in the nucleus with the mass of 1 and a charge of + |
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Definition
| Found in the nucleus with the mass of 1 and a neutral charge. A change in the number of neutrons doesn’t change the element but does make it an isotope of that element. |
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Definition
| Found in rings around the nucleus. They have a negligible weight of 1/1840 and a charge of – |
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Definition
| Atoms of an element that possess a different number of neutrons. Have the same atomic number because the number of protons stays the same. The charge of the element is also unaffected. |
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Definition
| The sum of all the neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an element |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the area around the nucleus where an electron is most likely found. Chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the number and arrangement of its orbitals |
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Definition
| Contains more protons than electrons, and carries a positive charge |
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Definition
| Contains fewer protons than electrons and carries a negative charge |
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Definition
| The loss of an electron through a reaction |
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Definition
| The gaining of an electron through a reaction |
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Definition
| Refers to a group of atoms held together by energy in a stable association O2 |
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Definition
| Composed of two or more different types of atoms bonded together NaCl |
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Definition
| Formed because ions of opposite charges attract one another |
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Definition
| Formed when two or more atoms share pairs of valence electrons and the more electrons involved the stronger the bond will be. |
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Definition
In a water molecule both the oxygen and hydrogen atoms attract the shared electrons in the covalent bond (electronegativity)
Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen |
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Definition
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Definition
| A change in mass or direction |
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Definition
| Chemical reactions in cells cannot start without help activation energy is the energy needed to start a reaction |
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Definition
| produce more energy than they use |
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Definition
| use more energy than they produce |
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Definition
| Molecules based on carbon and hydrogen |
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Definition
| Molecules not based on carbon and hydrogen |
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Definition
| Essential molecules obtained from food |
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Definition
| Molecules made of broken down in the body |
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Term
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Definition
Solubility
Waters ability to dissolve a solute in a solvent to make a solution
Reactivity
Most body chemistry uses or occurs in water
High heat capacity
Waters ability to absorb and retain heat
Lubrication
To moisten and reduce friction |
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Definition
| Inorganic ions which conduct electricity in solution, an imbalance in the body would seriously disturb vital body functions |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
Colloid
A solution of very large organic molecules
Suspension
A solution in which particles settle (sediment)
Concentration
The amount of solute in a solvent |
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Term
| pH, acid and base, control of... |
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Definition
the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
neutral is 7, balance of H+ and OH-
acid pH is lower than 7, more H+
base pH is higher than 7, more OH-
excess of H+ could damage cells and tissue and alter proteins
acidosis
excess H+ in body fluid
alkalosis
excess of OH- in body fluid
controlling pH
salts, positive or negative ions in solution contain no H+ or OH-
buffers are weak acid/salt compounds that neutralize either strong acid or strong base |
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Definition
| Quick energy sources and components of membranes |
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Term
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Definition
1.Monosaccharides
a. Simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon bonds (glucose)
2. Disaccharides
a. 2 simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis (sucrose)
3. Polysaccharides
a. Chains of many simple sugars (glycogen) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Membrane structure
2. Energy storage
3. Chemical messengers
4. Hormones and digestive secretions
5. Insulation and physical protection |
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Term
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Definition
1. Fatty Acids
a. Saturated with hydrogen (no double bonds)
b. Unsaturated (double bonds)
2. Eicosanoids
a. Leukotienes
i. Active in immune system
b. Prostaglandins
i. Local hormones
ii. Short-chain fatty acids
c. Glycerides
i. Fatty acids attached to the glycerol molecule
ii. Triglyeride- are the 3 fatty acid tails, fat storage molecules
d. Steroids
i. Cholesterol- component of cell membranes
ii. Estrogens and testosterone- sex hormones
iii. Corticosteroids and calcitrol
1. Metabolic regulation
iv. Bile salts
1. Derived from steroids
e. Phospholipids and Glycolipids
i. Have hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
ii. Are structural lipids components of cell membranes |
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Term
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Definition
1. Support- structural proteins
2. Movement- contractile proteins
3. Transport- transport proteins
4. Buffering- regulation of pH
5. Metabolic regulation- enzymes
6. Coordination and control- hormones
7. Defense- antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
1. Most abundant and important organic molecules
2. Made of basic molecules- oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
3. Building blocks: 20 amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
a. Central carbon
b. Hydrogen
c. Amino group
d. Carboxylic acid –COOH
e. Variable R group |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Made by dehydration synthesis between the amino group of one and the carboxylic group of another |
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Term
| Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure |
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Definition
p= long chain
s= hydrogen bonds for spirals or pleats
t= secondary folds into a unique shape
q= final protein shape, several tertiary structures together |
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Term
| protein: shape and function |
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Definition
1. Function based on shape
2. Shape based on amino acids sequence |
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Definition
| loss of shape and function due to heat or pH |
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Term
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Definition
1. Structural sheets or strands
2. Globular proteins
a. Soluble spheres with active functions |
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Term
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Definition
i. Catalysts lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction
ii. Not changed or used up |
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Term
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Definition
| reactants in enzymatic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| location on an enzyme that fits a particular substrate |
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Term
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Definition
Cofactor- an ion or molecule that binds to an enzyme before substrates can bind
2. Coenzymes
a. Nonprotein organic cofactors (vitamins)
3. Isozymes
a. 2 enzymes that can catalyze the same reaction |
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Term
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Definition
Specificity- one enzyme catalyzes one reaction
Saturation limits- an enzymes maximum work rate
Regulation- the ability to turn off and on |
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Term
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Definition
| i. Large organic molecules found in the nucleus which store and process information at the molecular level, DNA RNA |
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Definition
1. Determines inherited characteristics
2. Directs protein synthesis
3. Controls enzyme production
4. Controls metabolism |
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Definition
| 1. Codes intermediate steps in protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
1. A with T in DNA A with U in RNA
2. C with G in both DNA and RNA
3. A (adenine) T (thymine) C ( cytosine) G (guanine) U (uracil) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Building blocks of DNA
2. Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Adenosine triphosphate
a. ATPase, the enzyme that catalyzes phophorylation |
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Term
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Definition
| i. All body cells except sex cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a. Lipids, carbohydrates, functional proteins |
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Term
| Membrane Proteins: Integral Protein |
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Definition
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Term
| Membrane Proteins: Peripheral Proteins |
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Definition
| 1. Inner or outer surface of the membrane |
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Term
| Function of membrane proteins(6) |
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Definition
1. Anchoring proteins- attach to inside or outside structures
2. Recognition proteins- label cells normal or abnormal
3. Enzymes- catalyze reactions
4. Receptor proteins- bind and respond to ligands
5. Carrier proteins- transport specific solutes through membrane
6. Channels- regulate water flow and solutes through membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| a. Hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails |
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Term
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Definition
| i. Structural proteins for shape and strength |
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Term
| Cytoskelton: Microtubules |
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Definition
| large hollow tubes of tubulin protein, attach to centrosome, strengthen cell and anchor organelles, move vesicles around |
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Term
| cytoskelton: Intermediate |
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Definition
| midsize durable collagen for strength and shape, stabilize cell position and organelles |
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Term
| cytoskelton microfilaments |
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Definition
| midsize durable collagen for strength and shape, stabilize cell position and organelles |
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Definition
i. Increase surface area for absorption
b. Attach to cytoskeleton |
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Definition
i. Build polypeptides in proteins synthesis
ii. Free ribosomes, in cytoplasm, fixed ribosomes, attached to ER |
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Term
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Definition
a. Synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids
b. Storage of said molecules and materials
c. Transportation of the molecule within the ER
d. Detox |
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Term
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Definition
| storage chambers within the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
i. No ribosomes
ii. Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
1. Phospholipids and cholesterol (membranes)
2. Steroid hormones (reproductive system)
3. Glycerides (storage in liver and fat cells)
4. Glycogen (storage in muscles) |
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Term
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Definition
i. Covered in Ribosomes
ii. Proteins and glycoprotein synthesis
iii. Fold polypeptides protein structures
iv. Encloses products in transport vesicles |
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Term
| Golgi (3 types of vesicles) |
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Definition
a. Vesicles enter on the forming face and leave on the maturing face
b. Secretory vesicles- Package products to leave the cell
c. Membrane renewal vesicles- add or remove parts of the membrane
d. Transport vesicles- carry materials back and forth from the Golgi |
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Term
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Definition
| a. Contain powerful enzymes to breakdown materials |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed by the Golgi and inactive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
i. Lysosome fused with damaged organelle
ii. Digestive enzymes activated
iii. Toxic chemicals isolated |
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Definition
| eject secretory products and wastes from cells or body |
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Term
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Definition
Cell self destructs i. Lysosome membranes breakdown
ii. Digestive enzymes released
iii. Cell decomposes and is recycled |
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Definition
| a. Powerhouse of the cell but cannot function properly without all the organelles |
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Term
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Definition
a. Largest organelle
b. Double membrane, nuclear envelope
c. Pores, communication passages
d. The nucleus contains the DNA to run the cell, nucleoplasm that contains the ions, enzymes, and nucleotides, some RNA is found here
e. Nuclear matrix has support filaments
f. Nucleoli are related to protein production, made of RNA enzymes and histones
i. Synthesize rRNA and ribosomal subunits |
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Term
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Definition
a. Nucleosomes- DNA coiled around histones
b. Chromatin- loosely coiled DNA- cells not dividing
c. Chromsomes- tightly coiled DNA- cells dividing |
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Definition
a. DNA instructions for 1 protein
b. Genetic Code
i. Chemical language of DNA instructions- sequence of bases in triplets (3 bases=1 amino acid) |
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Definition
a. Transcription- copies the instructions from DNA to mRNA happens in the nucleus
b. Translation- Ribosome reads codes from mRNA (in cytoplasm) and then assembles amino acids into polypeptide chains |
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Definition
| a. Allows some materials to move freely but restricts others based on size, charge, shape, and lipid solubility |
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Term
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Definition
a. Can be active (needs ATP) or passive (no ATP)
b. Diffusion (passive)
c. Carrier-mediated transport (passive or active)
d. Vesicular transport (active) |
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Term
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Definition
a. Molecules mix randomly
b. Solute spreads through the solvent
c. Eliminates the concentration gradient
d. Solutes move down the concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
i. Distance
ii. Size smaller= faster
iii. Temp hotter= faster
iv. Gradient size= difference between the side of low concentration and high concentration
v. Electrical forces= opposites attract, same repel |
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Term
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Definition
| i. Material diffuse through the membrane, lipid soluble compounds (alcohols, fatty acids, steroids) dissolved gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide) |
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Term
| Chanel Mediated diffusion |
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Definition
i. Materials pass through transmembrane proteins
ii. Water soluble
iii. Ions |
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Term
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Definition
a. Diffusion of water across a membrane
b. Membrane must be freely permeable to water and selectively permeable to solutes
c. Water moves to the area with more solute
d. Osmotic pressure is the force on the concentration gradient of water equals the forces needed to block osmosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a. The osmotic effect of a solute on a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the solution does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out (basically the cell has the same concentration of stuff on the inside and outside) |
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Term
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Definition
has more solutes on the outside and the cell will lose water
i. Causes the cell to shrivel up and shrink |
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Term
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Definition
has less solutes on the outside and cell gains water through osmosis
i. This causes the cells to swell and eventually burst called hemolysis |
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Term
| Carrier Mediated Transport |
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Definition
a. Carries ions and organic molecules by either facilitated diffusion or active transport
b. They are specific, one transport protein has one set of substrates that it wants
c. The rate is determined by the transport protein
d. Regulated by things like hormones
e. Facilitated diffusion
i. Transport large molecules like glucose and amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
i. Move substrates against concentration gradient
ii. Requires ATP
iii. Ion pumps (Na, K, Ca, Mg)
iv. Enchange pump carries two ions at the same time (most common is the sodium potassium pump, moves sodium out and potassium in, 1 ATP moves 3 Na known as secondary active transport) |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 substances move in the same direction at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 substrate moves in while another moves out |
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Term
| Receptor Mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
a. Receptors (glycoproteins) bind to target molecules (ligands)
b. Coated vesicles (endosome) carriers ligands and receptors to the cell which make the cell go through endocytosis where the cell brings in materials |
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Term
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Definition
| when the cell gets rid of materials from either a specific organelle or from the cell itself usually by way of vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
| it’s the cell bringing in materials |
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Term
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Definition
| - “cell drinking” occurs when the cells endosoms “drink” the extracellular fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| “cell eating” occurs when pseudopodia engulf large objects in phagosomes |
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Term
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Definition
i. G zero- specialized cell function only
ii. G1- cell growth, organelle duplication and protein synthesis
iii. S- dna replication and histone synthesis
iv. G2- finishes protein synthesis and centriole replication |
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Term
| Three Stages of cell division |
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Definition
i. DNA replication
ii. Mitosis
iii. Cytokinesis |
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Term
| Mitosis why its important |
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Definition
a. Important to keep constant number of chromosomes by duplicating the chromosomes and distributing them into two daughter cells
b. Mitosis is important for cellular replacement, tissue repair, development, tumor growth |
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Term
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Definition
| i. Nondividing state but cell metabolically active, nucleus visible, chromosomes long and thin, centrioles are located along the margin of the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
i. Prepares the cell for division
ii. Chromosomes shorten and thicken
iii. Centriole divides into two entities which migrate down sides of nuclear envelope, spindle fibers start to form
iv. Nuclear envelope has disappeared |
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Term
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Definition
i. Final prep for nuclear division
ii. Chromosomes line up on equatorial plate of division
iii. Centromeres of chromosomes attach to kinetocores (protein) to spindle fibers, microtubles made up of tubulin |
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Term
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Definition
i. Chromosomes migrate to poles
ii. centromeres divide
iii. Chromosomes move by sliding of the microtubles |
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Term
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Definition
i. Reverse activites of prophase
ii. Chromosomes reach poles of cell
iii. Spindle fibers degraded
iv. Nuclear membrane reassembled
v. Chromosomes elongate
vi. Nucleoli reassembled |
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Term
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Definition
i. Occurs by the constriction of actin fibers forming a belt around the cell (animals)
ii. In plants it’s a bit different they divide by forming a plate from nuclear membrane and then cellulose is added to the plate |
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Term
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Definition
| a. A long thin strand of DNA that is connected in an X like fasion with a centromere in the middle |
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Term
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Definition
| a. A “leg” of a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| Short arm of the chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| The long arm of the chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a. A region of the DNA that “connects” the two chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
a. The splitting of the two new daughter cells
b. Occurs at the end of mitosis as a final stage
c. Occurs by the constriction of actin fibers forming a belt around the cell
d. In plants it occurs when a plate forms from the nuclear membrane and then cellulose is added to the plate and the two daughter cells finally split |
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