Term
| 3 different types of hormones |
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Definition
1. autocrine- acts on self
2. paracrine- acts on neighbor cells
3. endocrine- acts on organs far away |
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Term
| basic functions of hormones |
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Definition
1. maintain homeostasis (BP, fluid state, mineral and electrolypes)
2. energy balance (basal metabolic rate, glucose, lipid metabolism) |
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Term
| difference between hyper and hypo functional glands |
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Definition
hyper- over release of hormones
hypo- under release of hormones |
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Term
| primary vs. secondary vs. tertiary problem |
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Definition
primary- something is wrong with organ itself
secondary- problem caused by something else
tertiary- something is wrong with step before previous step |
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Term
| what test do you use for hypofunction |
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Definition
assay for hormone presence
stimulation test |
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Term
| what tests do you use for hyperfunction |
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Definition
assay for hormone presence
suppression test |
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Term
| what is a hormonal assay and give an example |
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Definition
basal hormonal measurement
T4 |
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Term
| what are paired assessments and expamples |
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Definition
| assess multiple hormones in a pathway (fT4, TSH), simultaneous measurement of trigger and response |
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Term
| what are Dynamic assessments and examples |
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Definition
| stimulation testing (to diagnose hypo function; reserve and response capacity) and suppression testing (to diagnose hyper function; negative feedback loops) |
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Term
| difference between normal vs abnormal and appropriate vs. inappropreiate |
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Definition
| recognize the normal varies from animal to animal and just because an individuals levels don't fall in the normal range, doesn't mean that it is inappropriate for that animal |
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Term
| what hormonal mechanism maintains water balance |
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Definition
| pituitary releases ADH/ vasopressin which acts on the distal convoluted tubules so they can adjust the medullary gradient to absorb or secrete water |
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Term
| renal functions/ factors that contribute to urine concentration/ dilution |
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Definition
-adequate number of nephrons and tubular function
-hypertonic medullary gradient
- responsive collecting ducts |
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Term
| what are the limits for polyuria and polydipsia |
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Definition
100mL/kg/d is polydipsia
50mL/kg/d is polyuria |
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Term
| common cuses of PU/PD in cats and dogs |
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Definition
cats-
1. chronic kidney disease
2. Diabetes mellitus
3. Hyperthyroidism
Dog-
1. Hyperadrenocorticism
2. diabetes mellitus
3. CKD |
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Term
| what are the three classes of hyper tension? |
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Definition
1. White coat hypertension- anxiety induced increase in BP; may or may not have outward signs
2. secondary hypertension- caused by something else that NOT vasculature
3. primary Hypertension- idiopathic; problem is in the vasculature |
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Term
| most common causes of hypertension |
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Definition
hyperadrenocortisism
renal dz
hyperthyroidism
diabetes mellitus |
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Term
| Less common and rare causes of hypertension |
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Definition
less common:
hepatic dz
exogenous therapy
rare:
polycythemis vera
pheochromocytoma
chronic anemia |
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Term
| mechanism of EOD in kidneys |
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Definition
| increase in systemic BP-> increase in glomerular pressure-> increase in protein leakage-> nephrotoxicity and ongoing damage |
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Term
| Mechanism of EOD in Heart |
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Definition
| Blood is pumping harder-> increases workload on heart-> heart failure |
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Term
| Mechanism of EOD in Brain |
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Definition
| increased BP forces mor blood in than can come out which leads to abnormal vasculature, seizures, focal deficits, lethargy, altered mentation, |
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Term
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Definition
| increased BP-> overwhelms small vessels of the eye->retinopathy; acute blindness and separation of retina |
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Term
| causes of primary hypothroidism |
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Definition
congenital thyroid gland agenesis/dysgenesis
dyshormonogenesis
dietary iodinr deficency
goitrogen ingestion |
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Term
| causes of secondary hypothyroidism |
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Definition
decrease in pituitary secretion TSH secretion
neoplasia
pituitary supression
illness/ malnutrition
congenital
Rathke's pouch
ADH |
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Term
| mechanism of hypothyroid signs |
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Definition
decrease in basal metabolic rate:
can't make their own heat so they seek warmth |
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