Term
| So you want more beer and hold your arm out to receive a new pour. What's happening at the level of the vertebrae |
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Definition
| In the ventral horn on the lateral side an alpha motor neuron is receiving input from higher level cortical areas to do all this and innervates the agonist and antagonist muscles via alpha and gamma nerve fibers. |
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Term
| you have a glass of beer and someone randomly pours more into the glass. How does your body detect this and what does it do to compensate for this added weight |
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Definition
| A sensory fiber going back to the ventral horn will send a signal initiated by a muscle spindle in muscle which is now being stretched. That will inhibit the antagonist muscle that is contributing to the downward force along with the new added weight. By doing this the arm will adjust back to neutral. |
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Term
| eating and drinking is found in what center of the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| transition from sleep to awake-fullness, lack of will result in coma |
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Definition
| reticular activating system |
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Term
| what is the reticular activating system and where is it found |
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Definition
| it is a cluster of cell bodies found in the pons, medulla and midbrain |
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Term
| describe what raphe nuclei are for |
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Definition
| they are found in the brain stem. They are the medial portion of the reticular formation. They are clusters of nculei responsible for releasing serotonin throughout the body. |
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Term
| To a large degree the ________ contributes to the timing of sensory input via action potentials. |
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Definition
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Term
| Two major components of this ______ are the thalamus and hypothalamus |
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Definition
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Term
| highest level of function is in the? |
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Definition
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Term
| reticular activating system is primarily found in the |
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Definition
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Term
| name the three layers of the meninges |
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Definition
| Pia --> arachnoid ---> dura matter |
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Term
| what makes CSF? Where are they found |
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Definition
| Chloroid plexuses make CSF by using raw materials mostly found in blood plasma. They are found in the lateral ventricles. |
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Term
| where does the CSF exit the central part of the brain into the arachnoid space? |
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Definition
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Term
| what provides immune defense in the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| two main areas where the cranial nerves transverse |
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Definition
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Term
| basic life function and vasomotor activity ect occur here |
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Definition
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Term
| acetylcholine when found in the brain is used for ??? acts on??? found mostly in? |
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Definition
| Used mostly in the limbic system and serves for memory. Acts on muscarinic receptors. |
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Term
| Area of the brain thought to be critical to consciousness. |
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Definition
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Term
| Antipsychotic drugs are all general antagonist of dopamine receptors. Dopamine antagonist drugs can cause side effects like ticks which are classified as ____ Effects |
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Definition
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Term
| third order neurons terminates in what area of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| The most mylinated fibers are? They are associated with? |
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Definition
| A Alpha nerve fibers are most myelinated fibers associated with propioception |
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Term
| Temp/Pain/Itch are on ______ fibers and are not myelinated and are slowest. |
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Definition
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Term
| Body - Sharp Prickling Pain and Cool/Cold travels down what pathway |
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Definition
| Neospinothalamic Pathway: |
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Term
| Face Pain, Temperature and Crude Touch travel what pathway |
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Definition
| Spinal Trigeminal Pathway: |
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Term
| there are two hemisphere's involving the parietal lobe. IF the dominant one governs speech, calculation, reading and writing then the less dominant parietal lobe governs ? |
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Definition
| spatial awareness and understands vision. |
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Term
| areas with greatest surface area on the somatosensory cortex are? 4x |
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Definition
| fingers, lips, genitals and tongue |
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Term
| csf leaves the lateral ventricles via the ____ and enters into the third ventricles |
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Definition
| interventricular foreamen |
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Term
| CSF leaves the third ventricle and enters the fourth ventricle via? |
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Definition
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Term
| Folds in the brain are known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| elongated grooves are known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| the parasympathetic system is associated with what cranial and sacral nerves? |
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Definition
| Cranial nerves 3,7,9,10 and sacral nerves 2,3,4 |
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Term
| how many thoracic vertebrae are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many lumbar vertebrae are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many sacral lumbar are there |
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Definition
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Term
| caudal refers to posterior or anterior? |
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Definition
| posterior (towards the buttocks) ** Remember caudal equina which is tail. |
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Term
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Definition
| anterior when speaking of direction or location in the brain. It is the front of the brain. The frontal lobe is rostral to the cerebellum |
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Term
| a coronal view of the brain would look like? |
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Definition
| Looking from rostral to caudal. in sections |
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Term
| a sagital view of the brain would look? |
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Definition
| from the side (lateral) view. In sections. |
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Term
| top -- down view of brain is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| The somatosensory areas are Brodman's area? 3x |
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Definition
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Term
| brodman area ____ is the primary visual cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| Brodman area for auditory center 2x |
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Definition
| Brodman area # 41 and 42. "Hear" is a "4" letter word. You have 1 - 2 ears. |
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Term
| What is the difference between brodman area's 1 and 2 |
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Definition
| Brodman area 1 is very specific and mapped out according to areas of the body. While Brodman Area #2 is generalized. |
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Term
| Which reflex helps hold the tray for a waiter. What receptor sends info? |
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Definition
| myotatic. Uses muscle spindle |
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Term
| What reflex helps prevent injury when a muscle is contracting too much? What receptor is used for this? |
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Definition
| Autogenic Reflex inhibitor. Signalled by golgi tendon. IF muscle flexes too much it stretches the golgi tendon. Reflex initiated and inhibits the alpha motor neuron causing the over contraction and possible injury. The autogenic excitation reflex does the opposite and incites an alpha motor neuron to pull in the opposite way to relieve pressure. |
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Term
| You step on a pin..what happens..what reflexes do you use? |
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Definition
| IT allows us to instantly remove our foot to painful stimuli. Travels via group III afferent nerves to lumber region. Innervates alpha motor neurons for hip and thigh flexors while at the same time causing a reciprocal flexor reflex via inhibitory neurons to inhibit the antagonist muscle. While at the same time the cross extensor reflex kicks in to take the weight off your foot in pain and balance the human. Cross extensor reflex is adaptive. Uses Group III as well. An interneuron (Excitatory decussates) to synapse with alpha motor neurons on other side. |
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Term
| The lateral pathways are responsible for? Name which two are part of them |
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Definition
| Responsible for proximal and distal muscles and are usually related to voluntary muscle control. The two tracts that are in this category are the lateral corticospinal tract and rubrospinal tract. |
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Term
| The medial pathways are responsible for? Name which ones are part of them? |
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Definition
These are uses for axial muscles and mainly function for posture, balance and gross central control. They include four tracts
1. Tectospinal tract
2. Anterior corticospinal tract
3. reticulospinal tract
4. vestibulospinal tract |
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Term
| pyramidal decussation occurs where? relates to what spinal tract |
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Definition
| medulla, relates to the corticospinal tract |
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Term
| Whats the difference in where the anterior and lateral corticospinal tracts exit? What percentage of fibers stay anterior and which go lateral. |
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Definition
| Anterior corticospinal tracts are for axial function and trunk so they travel medial and anterior and exit early because your trunk starts early. They exit from C1-L3. While lateral cortico spinal tracts exits at all levels. Since voluntary muscle control is the most complex and demanding they get 90% of the muscle fibers. |
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Term
| Another name for the corticospinal tracts is? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the rubospinal tract |
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Definition
| The rubospinal tract is a semi-voluntary tract that travels laterally. Originates in the red nuclei of the midbrain. Gets some information from the cerebellum and cerebral cortex. Red nucleus axons descussates immediately and all travel contralateral. Thought to help more in spinal cord injuries for patients to regain some control. |
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Term
| What does the vestibular tract do? |
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Definition
| It has two pathways which all originate in the vestibular nuclei of the medulla. There are lateral and medial nuclei. The lateral nuclei travel ipsilateral down the anterior funiculus. The medial nuclei travel bilaterally down brainstem then into the anteiror funiculus as well. Over all the tract is responsible for head movements and position and posture. So you can functional turn your head, walk, bend over and not fall over. |
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Term
| What is the reticulospinal tract for? |
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Definition
| This tract initiates from the reticular formation between the pons and medulla. Therefore it has a pontine and medullary nuclei. The pontine tract only goes ipsilateral via the anterior funiculus. While the medullary nuclei sends via anterior funiculus bilaterally which makes sense since things typically decussate from medulla anyways. The reticular formation is a very organized area that does two things. ONe it blunts reflexes to appropriate things. So it diminishes sensitivity so we dont spas out to a gentle touch. IT also assimilates information about things its learned from other sensory pathways which go to here. By learning it then has circuitry for complex actions such as orienting, stretching and maintaining posture. |
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Term
| What is the tectospinal tracT? |
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Definition
| Well tecto refers to the tectum. The tectum is in the midbrain. The midbrain consist of a couple of things. One of which is the superior colliculus. Vision sends a innervation to the superior colliculus. Therefore this tract is a involuntary pathway for vision and muscle movement. In this case the tract originates in the layers of the superior colliculus and immediately crosses midline and travels down the ponds/medulla and into the anterior funiculus. IT innervates mucles in the neck to reflexively respond to needs of the eyes. |
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Term
| What three tracts can override the reflexes of the body? Which ones of these are voluntary and which one are involuntary |
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Definition
| The voluntary pathways can all override reflexes they are the corticospinal tract and rubrospinal tracts. The involuntary reticulospinal tract can also inhibit since its the job of this tract to make reflexes less sensitive or not fire at all dpeending on the situation |
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Term
| Whats the purpose of the gamma motor neurons compared to the alpha motor neurons? Do they work together? |
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Definition
| The gamma motor neurons innervate the intrafusal fibers of muscle spindles in order to keep them at an optimum length so that they can fire appropriately. Alpha on the other hand innervates the extrafusal fibers which are bulky and big. They do all the work. For adequate function both gamma and alpha are always working in concert to compensating for each other. This is called alpha-gamma coactivation |
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Term
| What is reflex modulation? |
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Definition
| When the cerebral cortex anticipates something that would normally cause a large reflex it dulls the reflex so we can to a degree override what were doing like touching a hot plate with out drawing away and dropping it. |
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Term
| whats the difference between parkinsons and huntingtons disease? what areas do they both affect? |
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Definition
| Both are autoimmune diseases that disable patients from voluntary movements.. In parkinsons the immune system attacks the substantia nigra which is responsible for dopamine production. Low levels of dopamine means difficult to produce a VOLUNTARY movement. Huntington disease on the other hand attacks the receptors for central dopamine. So if you cant get the NT to the receptor on the post-synapse then you have a hard time iniatiing a voluntary movement. |
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Term
| Whats so important about the basal ganglia in relation to the pitcher and batter example? What type of memory does it contribute to? |
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Definition
| basal ganglia is important for implicit memory. It deduces patterns which means establishing probabliites and therefore picks up on clues. Only happens through extremely long repititions and practice. |
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Term
| How does the cerebellum help with the batter/pitcher example? |
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Definition
| Well the cerebellum helps with voluntary and involuntary motor control. It modulates smooth, fine coordination. Helps involuntarily to balance and voluntarily to keep things fine/smooth. Works with teh vestibular, corticospinal and vestibular pathways. Also contributes to muscle memory. Has an ability for motor learning. Develops the program to hit the ball. While the basal ganglia develops the program of implicit memory to see the patters of the paitcher and probaibliites. |
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